Ross Nicoll 1f3278ecab Merge AuxPoW support from Namecore
Changes are as below:

Wrap CBlockHeader::nVersion into a new class (CBlockVersion).  This allows to take care of interpreting the field into a base version, auxpow flag and the chain ID.

Update getauxblock.py for new 'generate' RPC call.

Add 'auxpow' to block JSON.

Accept auxpow as PoW verification.

Add unit tests for auxpow verification.

Add check for memory-layout of CBlockVersion.

Weaken auxpow chain ID checks for the testnet.

Allow Params() to overrule when to check the auxpow chain ID and for legacy blocks.  Use this to disable the checks on testnet.

Introduce CPureBlockHeader.

Split the block header part that is used by auxpow and the "real" block header (that uses auxpow) to resolve the cyclic dependency between the two.

Differentiate between uint256 and arith_uint256.

This change was done upstream, modify the auxpow code.

Add missing lock in auxpow_tests.

Fix REST header check for auxpow headers.

Those can be longer, thus take that into account.  Also perform the check actually on an auxpow header.

Correctly set the coinbase for getauxblock results.

Call IncrementExtraNonce in getauxblock so that the coinbase is actually initialised with the stuff it should be.  (BIP30 block height and COINBASE_FLAGS.)

Implement getauxblock plus regression test.

Turn auxpow test into FIXTURE test.

This allows using of the Params() calls.

Move CMerkleTx code to auxpow.cpp.

Otherwise we get linker errors when building without wallet.

Fix rebase with BIP66.

Update the code to handle BIP66's nVersion=3.

Enforce that auxpow parent blocks have no auxpow block version.

This is for compatibility with namecoind.  See also https://github.com/namecoin/namecoin/pull/199.

Move auxpow-related parameters to Consensus::Params.
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Regression tests

test_framework/authproxy.py

Taken from the python-bitcoinrpc repository.

test_framework/test_framework.py

Base class for new regression tests.

test_framework/util.py

Generally useful functions.

test_framework/mininode.py

Basic code to support p2p connectivity to a bitcoind.

test_framework/comptool.py

Framework for comparison-tool style, p2p tests.

test_framework/script.py

Utilities for manipulating transaction scripts (originally from python-bitcoinlib)

test_framework/blockstore.py

Implements disk-backed block and tx storage.

test_framework/key.py

Wrapper around OpenSSL EC_Key (originally from python-bitcoinlib)

test_framework/bignum.py

Helpers for script.py

test_framework/blocktools.py

Helper functions for creating blocks and transactions.

P2P test design notes

Mininode

  • mininode.py contains all the definitions for objects that pass over the network (CBlock, CTransaction, etc, along with the network-level wrappers for them, msg_block, msg_tx, etc).

  • P2P tests have two threads. One thread handles all network communication with the bitcoind(s) being tested (using python's asyncore package); the other implements the test logic.

  • NodeConn is the class used to connect to a bitcoind. If you implement a callback class that derives from NodeConnCB and pass that to the NodeConn object, your code will receive the appropriate callbacks when events of interest arrive.

  • You can pass the same handler to multiple NodeConn's if you like, or pass different ones to each -- whatever makes the most sense for your test.

  • Call NetworkThread.start() after all NodeConn objects are created to start the networking thread. (Continue with the test logic in your existing thread.)

  • RPC calls are available in p2p tests.

  • Can be used to write free-form tests, where specific p2p-protocol behavior is tested. Examples: p2p-accept-block.py, maxblocksinflight.py.

Comptool

  • Testing framework for writing tests that compare the block/tx acceptance behavior of a bitcoind against 1 or more other bitcoind instances, or against known outcomes, or both.

  • Set the num_nodes variable (defined in ComparisonTestFramework) to start up 1 or more nodes. If using 1 node, then --testbinary can be used as a command line option to change the bitcoind binary used by the test. If using 2 or more nodes, then --refbinary can be optionally used to change the bitcoind that will be used on nodes 2 and up.

  • Implement a (generator) function called get_tests() which yields TestInstances. Each TestInstance consists of:

    • a list of [object, outcome, hash] entries
      • object is a CBlock, CTransaction, or CBlockHeader. CBlock's and CTransaction's are tested for acceptance. CBlockHeaders can be used so that the test runner can deliver complete headers-chains when requested from the bitcoind, to allow writing tests where blocks can be delivered out of order but still processed by headers-first bitcoind's.
      • outcome is True, False, or None. If True or False, the tip is compared with the expected tip -- either the block passed in, or the hash specified as the optional 3rd entry. If None is specified, then the test will compare all the bitcoind's being tested to see if they all agree on what the best tip is.
      • hash is the block hash of the tip to compare against. Optional to specify; if left out then the hash of the block passed in will be used as the expected tip. This allows for specifying an expected tip while testing the handling of either invalid blocks or blocks delivered out of order, which complete a longer chain.
    • sync_every_block: True/False. If False, then all blocks are inv'ed together, and the test runner waits until the node receives the last one, and tests only the last block for tip acceptance using the outcome and specified tip. If True, then each block is tested in sequence and synced (this is slower when processing many blocks).
    • sync_every_transaction: True/False. Analogous to sync_every_block, except if the outcome on the last tx is "None", then the contents of the entire mempool are compared across all bitcoind connections. If True or False, then only the last tx's acceptance is tested against the given outcome.
  • For examples of tests written in this framework, see invalidblockrequest.py and p2p-fullblocktest.py.