219 Commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
merge-script
1e64aeaaec
Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#34295: test: Improve STRICTENC/DERSIG unit tests
4dfb6eef70d719a79904cabc4519d7a725de130a test: Add DERSIG tests to script_tests (billymcbip)
884978f3894ac7d96f113a00bbcce45c9785d44a test: Fix a STRICTENC test in script_tests (billymcbip)
527e8ca7b54515e129484824e4df66b5dafdb45f test: Remove outdated comment in script_tests (billymcbip)

Pull request description:

  1. Remove a comment referencing a file that no longer exists in the codebase: `script_invalid.json`.

  2. Fix a test that isn't implemented as intended. The idea is to test execution order by providing a signature that would cause script failure when parsed. An empty signature does not cause script failure in `CHECKMULTISIG`. Use `OP_1` for the second signature instead of `OP_0`.

  3. Copy existing `STRICTENC` tests and change the flag to `DERSIG`. `DERSIG` is a consensus flag (unlike `STRICTENC`), so it'd be good to have dedicated test cases.

  `script_tests` pass on my end.

ACKs for top commit:
  darosior:
    reACK 4dfb6eef70d719a79904cabc4519d7a725de130a
  sipa:
    ACK 4dfb6eef70d719a79904cabc4519d7a725de130a

Tree-SHA512: aea4aa5199530804561e9f597f69d6cffd7a40d4830919f9371fe97e4d04d8f10e8ed29b91e65e007a3f6e3a38e2881f88dff25831e741ad7592a12ed02b801a
2026-02-04 09:37:56 +00:00
Ava Chow
5ad94cf6b7
Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#34381: script: return proper error for CScriptNum errors
6f7b4323cb46687ba9df7073a9cde427985d2dfc test: remove UNKNOWN_ERROR from script_tests (Bruno Garcia)
bd31a92d671610e1173a4e6f0c761d94724441ae script: use SCRIPT_ERR_SCRIPTNUM for CScriptNum errors (Bruno Garcia)
0ca4dcd78665bc5258a2b9cfcef0dcdf971a88c3 script: add SCRIPT_ERR_SCRIPTNUM error (Bruno Garcia)

Pull request description:

  When evaluating a script, the current code is bad for analyzing some errors because it returns `SCRIPT_ERR_UNKNOWN_ERROR` for errors that are clearly known.

  `CScriptNum` has two well defined errors: number overflow and non-minimally encoded number. However, for both errors we return as unknown. This PR changes it by adding a new ScriptError that is used for any `CScriptNum` error.

ACKs for top commit:
  achow101:
    ACK 6f7b4323cb46687ba9df7073a9cde427985d2dfc
  w0xlt:
    ACK 6f7b4323cb
  darosior:
    ACK 6f7b4323cb46687ba9df7073a9cde427985d2dfc

Tree-SHA512: e656d9992251fbc95d33966fa18ce64bf714179d51ba6a7f429e5a55bc58e7fc08827e4ab71ace0dd385dac7e1feaea621b49503387793a30eae7a7e44aa6b0f
2026-01-30 16:22:43 -08:00
billymcbip
4dfb6eef70 test: Add DERSIG tests to script_tests
Copy existing STRICTENC tests and change the flag to DERSIG.
2026-01-30 15:31:42 +01:00
billymcbip
884978f389 test: Fix a STRICTENC test in script_tests
Fix a test that isn't implemented as intended. The idea is to test execution order by providing a signature that would cause script failure when parsed. An empty signature does not cause script failure in CHECKMULTISIG. Use OP_1 for the second signature instead of OP_0.
2026-01-30 15:28:11 +01:00
billymcbip
527e8ca7b5 test: Remove outdated comment in script_tests
script_invalid.json no longer exists.
2026-01-30 15:25:20 +01:00
Bruno Garcia
bd31a92d67 script: use SCRIPT_ERR_SCRIPTNUM for CScriptNum errors 2026-01-22 12:13:01 -03:00
billymcbip
c9ce1c7c4a test: Fix P2PK script test 2026-01-22 13:14:00 +01:00
Ava Chow
347840164f
Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#32143: Fix 11-year-old mis-categorized error code in OP_IF evaluation
a7b581423e44c51fb7d177c5a15fe2cc2ab8aa43 Fix 11-year-old mis-categorized error code in OP_IF evaluation (Calin Culianu)

Pull request description:

  This was introduced by commit ab9edbd6b6eb3efbca11f16fa467c3c0ef905708.

  It appears the original author may have gotten tired and pasted the wrong error code into this 1 place. Every other situation where the value stack lacks the required number of arguments for the op-code, SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION is reported. Not so here.

  This commit fixes the situation.

  EDIT: Note this turns out to be a dupe of the abandoned #30359 .

ACKs for top commit:
  billymcbip:
    tACK a7b581423e44c51fb7d177c5a15fe2cc2ab8aa43
  achow101:
    ACK a7b581423e44c51fb7d177c5a15fe2cc2ab8aa43
  darosior:
    utACK a7b581423e44c51fb7d177c5a15fe2cc2ab8aa43
  sedited:
    ACK a7b581423e44c51fb7d177c5a15fe2cc2ab8aa43

Tree-SHA512: e8c01a3e2448b5d49b76a0cab3f38a2d0249b71beeb7d9d05d5ecc3812bd91d0bd1d0f78b809b6f4ccb73186fa119cb1ed3779a73284b83a67ae219ef378fa6c
2026-01-19 16:39:45 -08:00
merge-script
c447eea43d
Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#34145: test: Add unit test for OP_NUMEQUALVERIFY
b7625387569af059adb359af4cff18dd7850f213 test: Add unit test for SCRIPT_ERR_NUMEQUALVERIFY (billymcbip)

Pull request description:

  Add coverage for the error branch of `OP_NUMEQUALVERIFY`: d861c38205/src/script/interpreter.cpp (L997)

  Note the code coverage miss: https://maflcko.github.io/b-c-cov/total.coverage/src/script/interpreter.cpp.gcov.html (around line 997)

  I ran: `cmake -B build -DENABLE_WALLET=OFF && cmake --build build -j 8 && ctest --test-dir build -j 8`

ACKs for top commit:
  yashbhutwala:
    ACK b7625387569af059adb359af4cff18dd7850f213
  darosior:
    ACK b7625387569af059adb359af4cff18dd7850f213
  sedited:
    ACK b7625387569af059adb359af4cff18dd7850f213

Tree-SHA512: 82659c831c2c2a317ec01fe628813ff3c08108701c4d869ecdc8876450f731239a059c4dd33ef96e6b0c519b46706db1b8fe035ad6be280c5152ca427e67075e
2026-01-14 16:15:57 +00:00
billymcbip
b762538756 test: Add unit test for SCRIPT_ERR_NUMEQUALVERIFY 2025-12-24 14:45:19 +01:00
billymcbip
6bb66fcccb test: Improve code coverage for pubkey checks 2025-12-18 13:08:16 +01:00
billymcbip
9d5021a05b script: add SCRIPT_ERR_TAPSCRIPT_EMPTY_PUBKEY
Empty public keys in tapscript are rejected by consensus rules, independent of SCRIPT_VERIFY_STRICTENC. Add SCRIPT_ERR_TAPSCRIPT_EMPTY_PUBKEY to distinguish this from STRICTENC policy failures currently reported as SCRIPT_ERR_PUBKEYTYPE.
2025-11-27 17:21:03 +01:00
merge-script
c281bb6837
Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#32924: test: add valid tx test with minimum-sized ECDSA signature (8 bytes DER-encoded)
5fa81e239a39d161a6d5aba7bcc7e1f22a5be777 test: add valid tx test with minimum-sized ECDSA signature (8 bytes DER-encoded) (Sebastian Falbesoner)

Pull request description:

  Currently in our tests, all ECDSA signatures passing verification have sizes of 69 bytes and above (that's the DER-encoded size, i.e. counted without the sighash flag byte) [1]. This PR adds test coverage for the minimum-sized valid case of 8 bytes, by taking an interesting testnet transaction that I stumbled upon:
  https://mempool.space/testnet/tx/c6c232a36395fa338da458b86ff1327395a9afc28c5d2daa4273e410089fd433
  Note that this is a very obscure construction that only works because the public key used isn't contained in the locking script, but calculated and provided later at spending time (see https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1729534.msg17309060#msg17309060 for an explainer), to match the message (sighash) and picked signature. So this doesn't represent a use-case that really makes sense in practice, but it can still appear in a block (not in mempool though, due to `SCRIPT_VERIFY_CONST_SCRIPTCODE`), and having test-coverage seems useful.

  Can be tested with same patch below (tests crash with the condition `>= 9`, but pass with `>= 8`).

  [1] this can be verified by applying the following patch and running the tests:
  ```diff
  diff --git a/src/pubkey.cpp b/src/pubkey.cpp
  index a4ca9a170a..bee0caa603 100644
  --- a/src/pubkey.cpp
  +++ b/src/pubkey.cpp
  @@ -288,7 +288,9 @@ bool CPubKey::Verify(const uint256 &hash, const std::vector<unsigned char>& vchS
       /* libsecp256k1's ECDSA verification requires lower-S signatures, which have
        * not historically been enforced in Bitcoin, so normalize them first. */
       secp256k1_ecdsa_signature_normalize(secp256k1_context_static, &sig, &sig);
  -    return secp256k1_ecdsa_verify(secp256k1_context_static, &sig, hash.begin(), &pubkey);
  +    bool ret = secp256k1_ecdsa_verify(secp256k1_context_static, &sig, hash.begin(), &pubkey);
  +    if (ret) assert(vchSig.size() >= 69);
  +    return ret;
   }
  ```

ACKs for top commit:
  ajtowns:
    ACK 5fa81e239a39d161a6d5aba7bcc7e1f22a5be777 lgtm
  fjahr:
    tACK 5fa81e239a39d161a6d5aba7bcc7e1f22a5be777
  real-or-random:
    utACK 5fa81e239a interesting case

Tree-SHA512: d1f0612fdb71c9238ca0420f574f6f246e60dbd11970b23f21d082c759a89ff98a13b12a1f6266f14f20539ec437b7ab79322082278da32984ddfee2d8893356
2025-10-30 16:32:51 +00:00
brunoerg
b94c6356a2 test: check proper OP_2ROT behavior 2025-07-23 13:52:17 -03:00
Sebastian Falbesoner
5fa81e239a test: add valid tx test with minimum-sized ECDSA signature (8 bytes DER-encoded)
see https://mempool.space/testnet/tx/c6c232a36395fa338da458b86ff1327395a9afc28c5d2daa4273e410089fd433
and https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1729534.msg17309060#msg17309060
2025-07-08 19:45:22 +02:00
fanquake
ee4406c04a
doc: update URLs
Some are now redirecting, some are outdated, i.e qt5.
2025-06-03 08:09:21 +01:00
merge-script
728e86e3f3
Merge bitcoin/bitcoin#31640: tests: improves tapscript unit tests
e3d7533ac954516d87a09b230c2898f5c9b1e213 test: improves tapscript unit tests (Ethan Heilman)
3e167085bad0d5565100d11d4cca3ae3e4277062 test: Ensures test fails if witness is not hex (Ethan Heilman)

Pull request description:

  This commit creates new test utilities for future Taproot script tests within script_tests.json. The key features of this commit are the addition of three new tags: `#SCRIPT#`, `#CONTROLBLOCK#`, and `#TAPROOTOUTPUT#`. These tags streamline the test creation process by eliminating the need to manually generate these components outside the test suite.

  * `#SCRIPT#`: Parses Tapscript and outputs a byte string of opcodes.
  * `#CONTROLBLOCK#`: Automatically generates the control block for a given Taproot output.
  * `#TAPROOTOUTPUT#`: Generates the final Taproot scriptPubKey.

  This code was originally part of the OP_CAT PR https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/29247 but was pulled out into a separate PR to reduce the rebase treadmill for the OP_CAT PR.

  Additionally this PR adds a check to ensure that if the witness data can not be parsed as hex the test fails. Prior to this PR, the test code would fail silently and set the values it couldn't parse as empty stack elements. This fix was suggested by @instagibbs.

  ## Rationale

  While writing JSON script tests (script_tests.json) for https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/29247 we ran into the following problem. The JSON script tests are simple and easy to write for pre-Tapscript scripts, but adding or changing a Tapscript test requires substantial work per test. Consider the following pre-tapscript test:

  ```
  ["'aa' 'bb'", "CAT 0x4c 0x02 0xaabb EQUAL", "P2SH,STRICTENC", "DISABLED_OPCODE", "CAT disabled"]
  ````

  whereas a Tapscript test for the same script (annotated with comments for better readability) would look like:

  ```
  [
      [
          "aa",
          "bb",
          "7e4c02aabb87", // output script
          "c0d6889cb081036e0faefa3a35157ad71086b123b2b144b649798b494c300a961d", // control block
          0.00000001
      ],
      "",
      "0x51 0x20 0x15048ed3a65748549c27b671936987093cf73a4c9cb18522a74fb9553060ca99", // Tapscript output
      "P2SH,WITNESS,TAPROOT",
      "OK",
      "TAPSCRIPT CATs aa and bb together and checks if EQUAL to aabb"
  ]
  ```

  Computing the Tapscript output, such as `0x51 0x20 0x15048ed3a65748549c27b671936987093cf73a4c9cb18522a74fb9553060ca99`, requires writing custom code and running it for each test. The same is true for the Tapscript control block, such as `c0d6889cb081036e0faefa3a35157ad71086b123b2b144b649798b494c300a961d`. If a test is changed or updated new outputs and control blocks must be computed. The complexity of doing this is likely the reason that no one has added any Tapscript tests to JSON script tests until this PR.

  In this PR we address this issue by adding the following improvements to JSON script tests:

  Adding simple macros ("#SCRIPT# and #CONTROLBLOCK#) that allow the script test parser to automatically generate and inject a valid Tapscript output and control block to be computed automatically from the JSON script.
  Allowing Tapscript scripts to use the human readable strings like pre-script scripts by marking the location of the script in the witness stack using #SCRIPT#. This transforms the unreadable script 7e4c02aabb87 into #SCRIPT# CAT 0x4c 0x02 0xaabb EQUAL.
  This results in the following JSON script test which is far easier to write and easier to read.

  ```
  [
      [
          "aa",
          "bb",
          "#SCRIPT# CAT",
          "#CONTROLBLOCK#",
          0.00000001
      ],
      "",
      "0x51 0x20 #TAPROOTOUTPUT#",
      "P2SH,WITNESS,TAPROOT,OP_CAT",
      "OK",
      "TAPSCRIPT Test of OP_CAT flag by calling CAT on two elements. TAPSCRIPT_OP_CAT flag is set so CAT is executed."
  ],
  ```

ACKs for top commit:
  instagibbs:
    reACK e3d7533ac954516d87a09b230c2898f5c9b1e213
  sipa:
    utACK e3d7533ac954516d87a09b230c2898f5c9b1e213
  janb84:
    Re ACK [e3d7533](e3d7533ac9)

Tree-SHA512: 948c3ec28a4b2b222c2d77e48918ed19d298b51d64662fc20959073edd9978fc796516a392da9755a7e173f556e3021816dc6ce8eb3ed16bbe0fa6ebc574fd48
2025-04-21 14:50:48 -04:00
Ethan Heilman
e3d7533ac9 test: improves tapscript unit tests
This commit creates new test utilities for future Taproot script
tests within script_tests.json. The key features of this commit are the
addition of three new tags: `#SCRIPT#`, `#CONTROLBLOCK#`, and
`#TAPROOTOUTPUT#`. These tags streamline the test creation process by
eliminating the need to manually generate these components outside the
test suite.

* `#SCRIPT#`: Parses Tapscript and outputs a byte string of opcodes.
* `#CONTROLBLOCK#`: Automatically generates the control block for a given
Taproot output.
* `#TAPROOTOUTPUT#`: Generates the final Taproot scriptPubKey.

Update src/test/script_tests.cpp

Co-authored-by: Jan B <608446+janb84@users.noreply.github.com>
2025-04-21 11:38:15 -04:00
Calin Culianu
a7b581423e
Fix 11-year-old mis-categorized error code in OP_IF evaluation
This was introduced by commit ab9edbd6b6eb3efbca11f16fa467c3c0ef905708.

It appears the original author may have gotten tired and pasted the wrong
error code into this 1 place. Every other situation where the value stack
lacks the required number of arguments for the op-code,
SCRIPT_ERR_INVALID_STACK_OPERATION is reported. Not so here.

This commit fixes the situation.

Also in this commit:

- Fix script_tests to adjust to the corrected error message
- Fix p2p_invalid_tx functional test to produce the desired error message
2025-03-26 08:12:39 -05:00
Sjors Provoost
7c200ece80
test: use testnet4 in key_io_valid.json 2025-03-26 12:29:04 +01:00
Lőrinc
5dd3a0d8a8 test: Extend base58_encode_decode.json with edge cases
Added edge cases, such as transitions at powers of 58, to verify boundary behavior.
2025-01-04 13:13:31 +01:00
Ava Chow
429ec1aaaa refactor: Rename CTransaction::nVersion to version
In order to ensure that the change of nVersion to a uint32_t in the
previous commit has no effect, rename nVersion to version in this commit
so that reviewers can easily spot if a spot was missed or if there is a
check somewhere whose semantics have changed.
2024-06-07 13:55:23 -04:00
Chris Stewart
97181decf5 Add test for negative transaction version w/ CSV to tx_valid.json 2024-01-11 15:05:01 -06:00
MarcoFalke
fa506add25
scripted-diff: Regenerate key_io data deterministically
-BEGIN VERIFY SCRIPT-
 ./contrib/testgen/gen_key_io_test_vectors.py valid 70 > ./src/test/data/key_io_valid.json
 ./contrib/testgen/gen_key_io_test_vectors.py invalid 70 > ./src/test/data/key_io_invalid.json
-END VERIFY SCRIPT-
2022-04-06 17:08:07 +02:00
Pieter Wuille
34d0e07e92
Test that OP_1-OP_16 (but not lower/higher) start witness programs 2022-02-10 08:51:48 +00:00
Pieter Wuille
f1c33ee4ac tests: implement BIP341 test vectors 2021-11-12 12:05:00 -05:00
Jeremy Rand
9bdda50151
Enable TLS in links in documentation 2021-09-16 22:00:20 +00:00
MarcoFalke
fa80a11c3b
test: Add missing test for empty P2WSH redeem 2021-05-01 10:12:11 +02:00
glozow
5d3ced72f9 [test] remove unnecessary OP_1s from invalid tests
Similar to 19db590d044efe7d474a16720e5b56e7b55db54c, which removed these
for the valid tests. Not removing ones that cause a false/empty stack
error because these tests should fail due to being invalid with CSV/CLTV
2021-04-07 19:00:17 -07:00
glozow
8cac2923f5 [test] remove invalid test from tx_valid.json
This exact test is also already in tx_invalid.json#L29
It will also test with no-P2SH flags, so duplicating with
different flags is not necessary.
2021-03-31 06:14:26 -07:00
Pieter Wuille
2e7c80fb5b Add signet support to gen_key_io_test_vectors.py 2021-03-16 10:48:40 -07:00
Pieter Wuille
fe5e495c31 Use Bech32m encoding for v1+ segwit addresses
This also includes updates to the Python test framework implementation,
test vectors, and release notes.
2021-03-16 10:48:36 -07:00
gzhao408
7a77727b2f Apply minimal validation flags to tx_invalid tests
- Reduce the number of validation flags used, to a minimally required set to fail a test

Co-authored-by: Johnson Lau <jl2012@xbt.hk>
2021-02-02 08:58:55 -08:00
gzhao408
9532591bed [test] add BADTX setting for invalid txns that fail CheckTransaction
Co-authored-by: Johnson Lau <jl2012@xbt.hk>
2021-02-02 08:58:55 -08:00
gzhao408
4c06ebf128 [test] fix two witness tests in invalid tests with empty vout
Co-authored-by: Johnson Lau <jl2012@xbt.hk>
2021-02-02 08:58:55 -08:00
gzhao408
158a0b268c Apply maximal validation flags to tx_valid tests
- Apply all validation flags by default
- Invert the meaning of verifyFlags as flags being excluded

Co-authored-by: Johnson Lau <jl2012@xbt.hk>
2021-02-02 08:58:55 -08:00
gzhao408
0a76a39b63 [test] fix CSV test missing OP_ADD
Co-authored-by: Johnson Lau <jl2012@xbt.hk>
2021-02-02 08:58:55 -08:00
gzhao408
19db590d04 [test] remove unnecessary OP_1s from CSV and CLTV tests
Co-authored-by: Johnson Lau <jl2012@xbt.hk>
2021-02-02 08:58:55 -08:00
MarcoFalke
facd7dd3d1
wallet: Fix typo in comments; Simplify assert 2020-07-11 14:24:36 +02:00
pierrenn
9ab14e4d21 Limit decimal range of numbers ParseScript accepts 2020-03-27 15:51:05 +09:00
Gleb Naumenko
ec45646de9 Integrate ASN bucketing in Addrman and add tests
Instead of using /16 netgroups to bucket nodes in Addrman for connection
diversification, ASN, which better represents an actor in terms
of network-layer infrastructure, is used.
For testing, asmap.raw is used. It represents a minimal
asmap needed for testing purposes.
2019-12-25 08:59:08 -05:00
lucash-dev
38bfca6bb2 Added comments referencing multiple CVEs in tests and production code.
This commit adds comments referencing multiple CVEs both in production and test code.
CVEs covered in this commit:

CVE-2010-5137
CVE-2010-5139
CVE-2010-5141
CVE-2012-1909
CVE-2012-2459
CVE-2012-3789
CVE-2018-17144
2019-06-02 10:25:03 -07:00
Jim Posen
c7efb652f3 blockfilter: Update BIP 158 test vectors.
New tests for the case of non-standard OP_RETURN outputs.
2019-04-06 12:10:55 -07:00
Jim Posen
f05599557a blockfilter: Omit empty scripts from filter contents.
Code change also avoids out-of-bounds script access bug.
2018-08-28 12:12:32 -07:00
Jim Posen
97b64d67da blockfilter: Unit test against BIP 158 test vectors.
Full test of block filter and header construction.
2018-08-25 10:02:37 -07:00
Varunram
d5f745a5c7
trivial: correct typos 2018-08-02 21:27:17 +08:00
João Barbosa
12dd101345 scripted-diff: Remove trailing whitespaces
-BEGIN VERIFY SCRIPT-

sed --in-place'' --regexp-extended 's/[[:space:]]+$//g' $(git grep -I --files-with-matches --extended-regexp '[[:space:]]+$' -- src test  ':!*.svg' ':!src/crypto/sha256_sse4*' ':!src/leveldb' ':!src/qt/locale' ':!src/secp256k1' ':!src/univalue')

-END VERIFY SCRIPT-
2018-07-24 20:46:23 +01:00
Johnson Lau
0f8719bb03 Add transaction tests for constant scriptCode
Tests showing that CONST_SCRIPTCODE is applied only to non-segwit transactions
2018-05-05 04:26:13 +08:00
Pieter Wuille
88430cbab4
Merge #12167: Make segwit failure due to CLEANSTACK violation return a SCRIPT_ERR_CLEANSTACK error code
1e747e3c1e Make segwit failure due to CLEANSTACK violation return a SCRIPT_ERR_CLEANSTACK error code. (Mark Friedenbach)

Pull request description:

  If a segwit script terminates with a stack size not equal to one, the current error code is EVAL_FALSE. This is semantically wrong, and prevents explicitly checking CLEANSTACK violations in the unit tests. This PR changes the error code (and affected unit tests) to use SCRIPT_ERROR_CLEANSTACK instead of SCRIPT_ERROR_EVAL_FALSE.

Tree-SHA512: 8f7b1650f7a23a942cde1070e3e56420be456b4a7be42515b237e95557bf2bd5e7ba9aabd213c8092bea28c165dbe73f5a3486300089aeb01e698151b42484b1
2018-04-04 17:30:24 -07:00
Wladimir J. van der Laan
3de01268b7
Merge #10742: scripted-diff: Use scoped enumerations (C++11, "enum class")
1f45e21 scripted-diff: Convert 11 enums into scoped enums (C++11) (practicalswift)

Pull request description:

  Rationale (from Bjarne Stroustrup's ["C++11 FAQ"](http://www.stroustrup.com/C++11FAQ.html#enum)):

  >
  > The enum classes ("new enums", "strong enums") address three problems with traditional C++ enumerations:
  >
  > * conventional enums implicitly convert to int, causing errors when someone does not want an enumeration to act as an integer.
  > * conventional enums export their enumerators to the surrounding scope, causing name clashes.
  > * the underlying type of an enum cannot be specified, causing confusion, compatibility problems, and makes forward declaration impossible.
  >
  > The new enums are "enum class" because they combine aspects of traditional enumerations (names values) with aspects of classes (scoped members and absence of conversions).

Tree-SHA512: 9656e1cf4c3cabd4378c7a38d0c2eaf79e4a54d204a3c5762330840e55ee7e141e188a3efb2b4daf0ef3110bbaff80d8b9253abf2a9b015cdc4d60b49ac2b914
2018-03-27 16:38:14 +02:00