diff --git a/src/Makefile.am b/src/Makefile.am
index 0ed412295fc..0f054392276 100644
--- a/src/Makefile.am
+++ b/src/Makefile.am
@@ -212,6 +212,7 @@ BITCOIN_CORE_H = \
   util/rbf.h \
   util/threadnames.h \
   util/time.h \
+  util/translation.h \
   util/url.h \
   util/validation.h \
   validation.h \
diff --git a/src/banman.cpp b/src/banman.cpp
index 47d64a8f31c..37fca7dd82a 100644
--- a/src/banman.cpp
+++ b/src/banman.cpp
@@ -9,12 +9,13 @@
 #include <ui_interface.h>
 #include <util/system.h>
 #include <util/time.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 
 
 BanMan::BanMan(fs::path ban_file, CClientUIInterface* client_interface, int64_t default_ban_time)
     : m_client_interface(client_interface), m_ban_db(std::move(ban_file)), m_default_ban_time(default_ban_time)
 {
-    if (m_client_interface) m_client_interface->InitMessage(_("Loading banlist..."));
+    if (m_client_interface) m_client_interface->InitMessage(_("Loading banlist...").translated);
 
     int64_t n_start = GetTimeMillis();
     m_is_dirty = false;
diff --git a/src/bitcoin-cli.cpp b/src/bitcoin-cli.cpp
index d3419520a74..8ca985458d5 100644
--- a/src/bitcoin-cli.cpp
+++ b/src/bitcoin-cli.cpp
@@ -13,9 +13,11 @@
 #include <rpc/client.h>
 #include <rpc/protocol.h>
 #include <rpc/request.h>
-#include <util/system.h>
 #include <util/strencodings.h>
+#include <util/system.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 
+#include <functional>
 #include <memory>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <tuple>
diff --git a/src/bitcoin-tx.cpp b/src/bitcoin-tx.cpp
index 4d513deed89..89e2ab305b0 100644
--- a/src/bitcoin-tx.cpp
+++ b/src/bitcoin-tx.cpp
@@ -18,11 +18,13 @@
 #include <script/sign.h>
 #include <script/signingprovider.h>
 #include <univalue.h>
-#include <util/rbf.h>
-#include <util/system.h>
 #include <util/moneystr.h>
+#include <util/rbf.h>
 #include <util/strencodings.h>
+#include <util/system.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 
+#include <functional>
 #include <memory>
 #include <stdio.h>
 
diff --git a/src/bitcoin-wallet.cpp b/src/bitcoin-wallet.cpp
index cbb4ea750cb..a690e2facb1 100644
--- a/src/bitcoin-wallet.cpp
+++ b/src/bitcoin-wallet.cpp
@@ -9,10 +9,12 @@
 #include <chainparams.h>
 #include <chainparamsbase.h>
 #include <logging.h>
-#include <util/system.h>
 #include <util/strencodings.h>
+#include <util/system.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 #include <wallet/wallettool.h>
 
+#include <functional>
 #include <stdio.h>
 
 const std::function<std::string(const char*)> G_TRANSLATION_FUN = nullptr;
diff --git a/src/bitcoind.cpp b/src/bitcoind.cpp
index 77367d6bb84..ba021a51630 100644
--- a/src/bitcoind.cpp
+++ b/src/bitcoind.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@
 #include <util/strencodings.h>
 #include <util/system.h>
 #include <util/threadnames.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
+
+#include <functional>
 
 const std::function<std::string(const char*)> G_TRANSLATION_FUN = nullptr;
 
diff --git a/src/httprpc.cpp b/src/httprpc.cpp
index c7a119440b1..306d718574f 100644
--- a/src/httprpc.cpp
+++ b/src/httprpc.cpp
@@ -5,19 +5,20 @@
 #include <httprpc.h>
 
 #include <chainparams.h>
+#include <crypto/hmac_sha256.h>
 #include <httpserver.h>
 #include <key_io.h>
 #include <rpc/protocol.h>
 #include <rpc/server.h>
 #include <sync.h>
-#include <util/system.h>
-#include <util/strencodings.h>
 #include <ui_interface.h>
+#include <util/strencodings.h>
+#include <util/system.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 #include <walletinitinterface.h>
-#include <crypto/hmac_sha256.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
 
 #include <memory>
+#include <stdio.h>
 
 #include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp> // boost::trim
 
@@ -218,7 +219,7 @@ static bool InitRPCAuthentication()
         LogPrintf("No rpcpassword set - using random cookie authentication.\n");
         if (!GenerateAuthCookie(&strRPCUserColonPass)) {
             uiInterface.ThreadSafeMessageBox(
-                _("Error: A fatal internal error occurred, see debug.log for details"), // Same message as AbortNode
+                _("Error: A fatal internal error occurred, see debug.log for details").translated, // Same message as AbortNode
                 "", CClientUIInterface::MSG_ERROR);
             return false;
         }
diff --git a/src/index/txindex.cpp b/src/index/txindex.cpp
index 929b85bfb5e..62db38f8943 100644
--- a/src/index/txindex.cpp
+++ b/src/index/txindex.cpp
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <shutdown.h>
 #include <ui_interface.h>
 #include <util/system.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 #include <validation.h>
 
 #include <boost/thread.hpp>
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ bool TxIndex::DB::MigrateData(CBlockTreeDB& block_tree_db, const CBlockLocator&
 
     int64_t count = 0;
     LogPrintf("Upgrading txindex database... [0%%]\n");
-    uiInterface.ShowProgress(_("Upgrading txindex database"), 0, true);
+    uiInterface.ShowProgress(_("Upgrading txindex database").translated, 0, true);
     int report_done = 0;
     const size_t batch_size = 1 << 24; // 16 MiB
 
@@ -174,7 +175,7 @@ bool TxIndex::DB::MigrateData(CBlockTreeDB& block_tree_db, const CBlockLocator&
                 (static_cast<uint32_t>(*(txid.begin() + 1)) << 0);
             int percentage_done = (int)(high_nibble * 100.0 / 65536.0 + 0.5);
 
-            uiInterface.ShowProgress(_("Upgrading txindex database"), percentage_done, true);
+            uiInterface.ShowProgress(_("Upgrading txindex database").translated, percentage_done, true);
             if (report_done < percentage_done/10) {
                 LogPrintf("Upgrading txindex database... [%d%%]\n", percentage_done);
                 report_done = percentage_done/10;
diff --git a/src/init.cpp b/src/init.cpp
index 068b05286c0..b84c7dc93d1 100644
--- a/src/init.cpp
+++ b/src/init.cpp
@@ -19,40 +19,42 @@
 #include <compat/sanity.h>
 #include <consensus/validation.h>
 #include <fs.h>
-#include <httpserver.h>
 #include <httprpc.h>
+#include <httpserver.h>
 #include <index/blockfilterindex.h>
-#include <interfaces/chain.h>
 #include <index/txindex.h>
+#include <interfaces/chain.h>
 #include <key.h>
-#include <validation.h>
 #include <miner.h>
-#include <netbase.h>
 #include <net.h>
 #include <net_processing.h>
+#include <netbase.h>
 #include <policy/feerate.h>
 #include <policy/fees.h>
 #include <policy/policy.h>
 #include <policy/settings.h>
-#include <rpc/server.h>
-#include <rpc/register.h>
 #include <rpc/blockchain.h>
+#include <rpc/register.h>
+#include <rpc/server.h>
 #include <rpc/util.h>
-#include <script/standard.h>
-#include <script/sigcache.h>
 #include <scheduler.h>
+#include <script/sigcache.h>
+#include <script/standard.h>
 #include <shutdown.h>
-#include <util/threadnames.h>
 #include <timedata.h>
+#include <torcontrol.h>
 #include <txdb.h>
 #include <txmempool.h>
-#include <torcontrol.h>
 #include <ui_interface.h>
-#include <util/system.h>
 #include <util/moneystr.h>
+#include <util/system.h>
+#include <util/threadnames.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 #include <util/validation.h>
+#include <validation.h>
 #include <validationinterface.h>
 #include <walletinitinterface.h>
+
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 
@@ -118,7 +120,7 @@ NODISCARD static bool CreatePidFile()
 #endif
         return true;
     } else {
-        return InitError(strprintf(_("Unable to create the PID file '%s': %s"), GetPidFile().string(), std::strerror(errno)));
+        return InitError(strprintf(_("Unable to create the PID file '%s': %s").translated, GetPidFile().string(), std::strerror(errno)));
     }
 }
 
@@ -542,20 +544,20 @@ std::string LicenseInfo()
     const std::string URL_SOURCE_CODE = "<https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin>";
     const std::string URL_WEBSITE = "<https://bitcoincore.org>";
 
-    return CopyrightHolders(strprintf(_("Copyright (C) %i-%i"), 2009, COPYRIGHT_YEAR) + " ") + "\n" +
+    return CopyrightHolders(strprintf(_("Copyright (C) %i-%i").translated, 2009, COPYRIGHT_YEAR) + " ") + "\n" +
            "\n" +
            strprintf(_("Please contribute if you find %s useful. "
-                       "Visit %s for further information about the software."),
+                       "Visit %s for further information about the software.").translated,
                PACKAGE_NAME, URL_WEBSITE) +
            "\n" +
-           strprintf(_("The source code is available from %s."),
+           strprintf(_("The source code is available from %s.").translated,
                URL_SOURCE_CODE) +
            "\n" +
            "\n" +
-           _("This is experimental software.") + "\n" +
-           strprintf(_("Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying file %s or %s"), "COPYING", "<https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>") + "\n" +
+           _("This is experimental software.").translated + "\n" +
+           strprintf(_("Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying file %s or %s").translated, "COPYING", "<https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>") + "\n" +
            "\n" +
-           strprintf(_("This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit %s and cryptographic software written by Eric Young and UPnP software written by Thomas Bernard."), "<https://www.openssl.org>") +
+           strprintf(_("This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit %s and cryptographic software written by Eric Young and UPnP software written by Thomas Bernard.").translated, "<https://www.openssl.org>") +
            "\n";
 }
 
@@ -821,7 +823,7 @@ void InitParameterInteraction()
 
 static std::string ResolveErrMsg(const char * const optname, const std::string& strBind)
 {
-    return strprintf(_("Cannot resolve -%s address: '%s'"), optname, strBind);
+    return strprintf(_("Cannot resolve -%s address: '%s'").translated, optname, strBind);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -927,16 +929,16 @@ bool AppInitParameterInteraction()
     // on the command line or in this network's section of the config file.
     std::string network = gArgs.GetChainName();
     for (const auto& arg : gArgs.GetUnsuitableSectionOnlyArgs()) {
-        return InitError(strprintf(_("Config setting for %s only applied on %s network when in [%s] section."), arg, network, network));
+        return InitError(strprintf(_("Config setting for %s only applied on %s network when in [%s] section.").translated, arg, network, network));
     }
 
     // Warn if unrecognized section name are present in the config file.
     for (const auto& section : gArgs.GetUnrecognizedSections()) {
-        InitWarning(strprintf("%s:%i " + _("Section [%s] is not recognized."), section.m_file, section.m_line, section.m_name));
+        InitWarning(strprintf("%s:%i " + _("Section [%s] is not recognized.").translated, section.m_file, section.m_line, section.m_name));
     }
 
     if (!fs::is_directory(GetBlocksDir())) {
-        return InitError(strprintf(_("Specified blocks directory \"%s\" does not exist."), gArgs.GetArg("-blocksdir", "").c_str()));
+        return InitError(strprintf(_("Specified blocks directory \"%s\" does not exist.").translated, gArgs.GetArg("-blocksdir", "").c_str()));
     }
 
     // parse and validate enabled filter types
@@ -949,7 +951,7 @@ bool AppInitParameterInteraction()
         for (const auto& name : names) {
             BlockFilterType filter_type;
             if (!BlockFilterTypeByName(name, filter_type)) {
-                return InitError(strprintf(_("Unknown -blockfilterindex value %s."), name));
+                return InitError(strprintf(_("Unknown -blockfilterindex value %s.").translated, name));
             }
             g_enabled_filter_types.push_back(filter_type);
         }
@@ -958,9 +960,9 @@ bool AppInitParameterInteraction()
     // if using block pruning, then disallow txindex
     if (gArgs.GetArg("-prune", 0)) {
         if (gArgs.GetBoolArg("-txindex", DEFAULT_TXINDEX))
-            return InitError(_("Prune mode is incompatible with -txindex."));
+            return InitError(_("Prune mode is incompatible with -txindex.").translated);
         if (!g_enabled_filter_types.empty()) {
-            return InitError(_("Prune mode is incompatible with -blockfilterindex."));
+            return InitError(_("Prune mode is incompatible with -blockfilterindex.").translated);
         }
     }
 
@@ -985,11 +987,11 @@ bool AppInitParameterInteraction()
 #endif
     nMaxConnections = std::max(std::min<int>(nMaxConnections, fd_max - nBind - MIN_CORE_FILEDESCRIPTORS - MAX_ADDNODE_CONNECTIONS), 0);
     if (nFD < MIN_CORE_FILEDESCRIPTORS)
-        return InitError(_("Not enough file descriptors available."));
+        return InitError(_("Not enough file descriptors available.").translated);
     nMaxConnections = std::min(nFD - MIN_CORE_FILEDESCRIPTORS - MAX_ADDNODE_CONNECTIONS, nMaxConnections);
 
     if (nMaxConnections < nUserMaxConnections)
-        InitWarning(strprintf(_("Reducing -maxconnections from %d to %d, because of system limitations."), nUserMaxConnections, nMaxConnections));
+        InitWarning(strprintf(_("Reducing -maxconnections from %d to %d, because of system limitations.").translated, nUserMaxConnections, nMaxConnections));
 
     // ********************************************************* Step 3: parameter-to-internal-flags
     if (gArgs.IsArgSet("-debug")) {
@@ -1000,7 +1002,7 @@ bool AppInitParameterInteraction()
             [](std::string cat){return cat == "0" || cat == "none";})) {
             for (const auto& cat : categories) {
                 if (!LogInstance().EnableCategory(cat)) {
-                    InitWarning(strprintf(_("Unsupported logging category %s=%s."), "-debug", cat));
+                    InitWarning(strprintf(_("Unsupported logging category %s=%s.").translated, "-debug", cat));
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -1009,7 +1011,7 @@ bool AppInitParameterInteraction()
     // Now remove the logging categories which were explicitly excluded
     for (const std::string& cat : gArgs.GetArgs("-debugexclude")) {
         if (!LogInstance().DisableCategory(cat)) {
-            InitWarning(strprintf(_("Unsupported logging category %s=%s."), "-debugexclude", cat));
+            InitWarning(strprintf(_("Unsupported logging category %s=%s.").translated, "-debugexclude", cat));
         }
     }
 
@@ -1045,7 +1047,7 @@ bool AppInitParameterInteraction()
     int64_t nMempoolSizeMax = gArgs.GetArg("-maxmempool", DEFAULT_MAX_MEMPOOL_SIZE) * 1000000;
     int64_t nMempoolSizeMin = gArgs.GetArg("-limitdescendantsize", DEFAULT_DESCENDANT_SIZE_LIMIT) * 1000 * 40;
     if (nMempoolSizeMax < 0 || nMempoolSizeMax < nMempoolSizeMin)
-        return InitError(strprintf(_("-maxmempool must be at least %d MB"), std::ceil(nMempoolSizeMin / 1000000.0)));
+        return InitError(strprintf(_("-maxmempool must be at least %d MB").translated, std::ceil(nMempoolSizeMin / 1000000.0)));
     // incremental relay fee sets the minimum feerate increase necessary for BIP 125 replacement in the mempool
     // and the amount the mempool min fee increases above the feerate of txs evicted due to mempool limiting.
     if (gArgs.IsArgSet("-incrementalrelayfee"))
@@ -1068,7 +1070,7 @@ bool AppInitParameterInteraction()
     // block pruning; get the amount of disk space (in MiB) to allot for block & undo files
     int64_t nPruneArg = gArgs.GetArg("-prune", 0);
     if (nPruneArg < 0) {
-        return InitError(_("Prune cannot be configured with a negative value."));
+        return InitError(_("Prune cannot be configured with a negative value.").translated);
     }
     nPruneTarget = (uint64_t) nPruneArg * 1024 * 1024;
     if (nPruneArg == 1) {  // manual pruning: -prune=1
@@ -1077,7 +1079,7 @@ bool AppInitParameterInteraction()
         fPruneMode = true;
     } else if (nPruneTarget) {
         if (nPruneTarget < MIN_DISK_SPACE_FOR_BLOCK_FILES) {
-            return InitError(strprintf(_("Prune configured below the minimum of %d MiB.  Please use a higher number."), MIN_DISK_SPACE_FOR_BLOCK_FILES / 1024 / 1024));
+            return InitError(strprintf(_("Prune configured below the minimum of %d MiB.  Please use a higher number.").translated, MIN_DISK_SPACE_FOR_BLOCK_FILES / 1024 / 1024));
         }
         LogPrintf("Prune configured to target %u MiB on disk for block and undo files.\n", nPruneTarget / 1024 / 1024);
         fPruneMode = true;
@@ -1159,10 +1161,10 @@ static bool LockDataDirectory(bool probeOnly)
     // Make sure only a single Bitcoin process is using the data directory.
     fs::path datadir = GetDataDir();
     if (!DirIsWritable(datadir)) {
-        return InitError(strprintf(_("Cannot write to data directory '%s'; check permissions."), datadir.string()));
+        return InitError(strprintf(_("Cannot write to data directory '%s'; check permissions.").translated, datadir.string()));
     }
     if (!LockDirectory(datadir, ".lock", probeOnly)) {
-        return InitError(strprintf(_("Cannot obtain a lock on data directory %s. %s is probably already running."), datadir.string(), PACKAGE_NAME));
+        return InitError(strprintf(_("Cannot obtain a lock on data directory %s. %s is probably already running.").translated, datadir.string(), PACKAGE_NAME));
     }
     return true;
 }
@@ -1180,7 +1182,7 @@ bool AppInitSanityChecks()
 
     // Sanity check
     if (!InitSanityCheck())
-        return InitError(strprintf(_("Initialization sanity check failed. %s is shutting down."), PACKAGE_NAME));
+        return InitError(strprintf(_("Initialization sanity check failed. %s is shutting down.").translated, PACKAGE_NAME));
 
     // Probe the data directory lock to give an early error message, if possible
     // We cannot hold the data directory lock here, as the forking for daemon() hasn't yet happened,
@@ -1231,7 +1233,7 @@ bool AppInitMain(InitInterfaces& interfaces)
         LogPrintf("Config file: %s\n", config_file_path.string());
     } else if (gArgs.IsArgSet("-conf")) {
         // Warn if no conf file exists at path provided by user
-        InitWarning(strprintf(_("The specified config file %s does not exist\n"), config_file_path.string()));
+        InitWarning(strprintf(_("The specified config file %s does not exist\n").translated, config_file_path.string()));
     } else {
         // Not categorizing as "Warning" because it's the default behavior
         LogPrintf("Config file: %s (not found, skipping)\n", config_file_path.string());
@@ -1291,7 +1293,7 @@ bool AppInitMain(InitInterfaces& interfaces)
     {
         uiInterface.InitMessage_connect(SetRPCWarmupStatus);
         if (!AppInitServers())
-            return InitError(_("Unable to start HTTP server. See debug log for details."));
+            return InitError(_("Unable to start HTTP server. See debug log for details.").translated);
     }
 
     // ********************************************************* Step 5: verify wallet database integrity
@@ -1319,12 +1321,12 @@ bool AppInitMain(InitInterfaces& interfaces)
     std::vector<std::string> uacomments;
     for (const std::string& cmt : gArgs.GetArgs("-uacomment")) {
         if (cmt != SanitizeString(cmt, SAFE_CHARS_UA_COMMENT))
-            return InitError(strprintf(_("User Agent comment (%s) contains unsafe characters."), cmt));
+            return InitError(strprintf(_("User Agent comment (%s) contains unsafe characters.").translated, cmt));
         uacomments.push_back(cmt);
     }
     strSubVersion = FormatSubVersion(CLIENT_NAME, CLIENT_VERSION, uacomments);
     if (strSubVersion.size() > MAX_SUBVERSION_LENGTH) {
-        return InitError(strprintf(_("Total length of network version string (%i) exceeds maximum length (%i). Reduce the number or size of uacomments."),
+        return InitError(strprintf(_("Total length of network version string (%i) exceeds maximum length (%i). Reduce the number or size of uacomments.").translated,
             strSubVersion.size(), MAX_SUBVERSION_LENGTH));
     }
 
@@ -1333,7 +1335,7 @@ bool AppInitMain(InitInterfaces& interfaces)
         for (const std::string& snet : gArgs.GetArgs("-onlynet")) {
             enum Network net = ParseNetwork(snet);
             if (net == NET_UNROUTABLE)
-                return InitError(strprintf(_("Unknown network specified in -onlynet: '%s'"), snet));
+                return InitError(strprintf(_("Unknown network specified in -onlynet: '%s'").translated, snet));
             nets.insert(net);
         }
         for (int n = 0; n < NET_MAX; n++) {
@@ -1354,12 +1356,12 @@ bool AppInitMain(InitInterfaces& interfaces)
     if (proxyArg != "" && proxyArg != "0") {
         CService proxyAddr;
         if (!Lookup(proxyArg.c_str(), proxyAddr, 9050, fNameLookup)) {
-            return InitError(strprintf(_("Invalid -proxy address or hostname: '%s'"), proxyArg));
+            return InitError(strprintf(_("Invalid -proxy address or hostname: '%s'").translated, proxyArg));
         }
 
         proxyType addrProxy = proxyType(proxyAddr, proxyRandomize);
         if (!addrProxy.IsValid())
-            return InitError(strprintf(_("Invalid -proxy address or hostname: '%s'"), proxyArg));
+            return InitError(strprintf(_("Invalid -proxy address or hostname: '%s'").translated, proxyArg));
 
         SetProxy(NET_IPV4, addrProxy);
         SetProxy(NET_IPV6, addrProxy);
@@ -1378,11 +1380,11 @@ bool AppInitMain(InitInterfaces& interfaces)
         } else {
             CService onionProxy;
             if (!Lookup(onionArg.c_str(), onionProxy, 9050, fNameLookup)) {
-                return InitError(strprintf(_("Invalid -onion address or hostname: '%s'"), onionArg));
+                return InitError(strprintf(_("Invalid -onion address or hostname: '%s'").translated, onionArg));
             }
             proxyType addrOnion = proxyType(onionProxy, proxyRandomize);
             if (!addrOnion.IsValid())
-                return InitError(strprintf(_("Invalid -onion address or hostname: '%s'"), onionArg));
+                return InitError(strprintf(_("Invalid -onion address or hostname: '%s'").translated, onionArg));
             SetProxy(NET_ONION, addrOnion);
             SetReachable(NET_ONION, true);
         }
@@ -1457,7 +1459,7 @@ bool AppInitMain(InitInterfaces& interfaces)
         bool fReset = fReindex;
         std::string strLoadError;
 
-        uiInterface.InitMessage(_("Loading block index..."));
+        uiInterface.InitMessage(_("Loading block index...").translated);
 
         do {
             const int64_t load_block_index_start_time = GetTimeMillis();
@@ -1488,7 +1490,7 @@ bool AppInitMain(InitInterfaces& interfaces)
                 // From here on out fReindex and fReset mean something different!
                 if (!LoadBlockIndex(chainparams)) {
                     if (ShutdownRequested()) break;
-                    strLoadError = _("Error loading block database");
+                    strLoadError = _("Error loading block database").translated;
                     break;
                 }
 
@@ -1496,13 +1498,13 @@ bool AppInitMain(InitInterfaces& interfaces)
                 // (we're likely using a testnet datadir, or the other way around).
                 if (!::BlockIndex().empty() &&
                         !LookupBlockIndex(chainparams.GetConsensus().hashGenesisBlock)) {
-                    return InitError(_("Incorrect or no genesis block found. Wrong datadir for network?"));
+                    return InitError(_("Incorrect or no genesis block found. Wrong datadir for network?").translated);
                 }
 
                 // Check for changed -prune state.  What we are concerned about is a user who has pruned blocks
                 // in the past, but is now trying to run unpruned.
                 if (fHavePruned && !fPruneMode) {
-                    strLoadError = _("You need to rebuild the database using -reindex to go back to unpruned mode.  This will redownload the entire blockchain");
+                    strLoadError = _("You need to rebuild the database using -reindex to go back to unpruned mode.  This will redownload the entire blockchain").translated;
                     break;
                 }
 
@@ -1511,7 +1513,7 @@ bool AppInitMain(InitInterfaces& interfaces)
                 // (otherwise we use the one already on disk).
                 // This is called again in ThreadImport after the reindex completes.
                 if (!fReindex && !LoadGenesisBlock(chainparams)) {
-                    strLoadError = _("Error initializing block database");
+                    strLoadError = _("Error initializing block database").translated;
                     break;
                 }
 
@@ -1522,20 +1524,20 @@ bool AppInitMain(InitInterfaces& interfaces)
                 pcoinscatcher.reset(new CCoinsViewErrorCatcher(pcoinsdbview.get()));
                 pcoinscatcher->AddReadErrCallback([]() {
                     uiInterface.ThreadSafeMessageBox(
-                        _("Error reading from database, shutting down."),
+                        _("Error reading from database, shutting down.").translated,
                         "", CClientUIInterface::MSG_ERROR);
                 });
 
                 // If necessary, upgrade from older database format.
                 // This is a no-op if we cleared the coinsviewdb with -reindex or -reindex-chainstate
                 if (!pcoinsdbview->Upgrade()) {
-                    strLoadError = _("Error upgrading chainstate database");
+                    strLoadError = _("Error upgrading chainstate database").translated;
                     break;
                 }
 
                 // ReplayBlocks is a no-op if we cleared the coinsviewdb with -reindex or -reindex-chainstate
                 if (!ReplayBlocks(chainparams, pcoinsdbview.get())) {
-                    strLoadError = _("Unable to replay blocks. You will need to rebuild the database using -reindex-chainstate.");
+                    strLoadError = _("Unable to replay blocks. You will need to rebuild the database using -reindex-chainstate.").translated;
                     break;
                 }
 
@@ -1546,14 +1548,14 @@ bool AppInitMain(InitInterfaces& interfaces)
                 if (!is_coinsview_empty) {
                     // LoadChainTip sets ::ChainActive() based on pcoinsTip's best block
                     if (!LoadChainTip(chainparams)) {
-                        strLoadError = _("Error initializing block database");
+                        strLoadError = _("Error initializing block database").translated;
                         break;
                     }
                     assert(::ChainActive().Tip() != nullptr);
                 }
             } catch (const std::exception& e) {
                 LogPrintf("%s\n", e.what());
-                strLoadError = _("Error opening block database");
+                strLoadError = _("Error opening block database").translated;
                 break;
             }
 
@@ -1561,9 +1563,9 @@ bool AppInitMain(InitInterfaces& interfaces)
                 // Note that RewindBlockIndex MUST run even if we're about to -reindex-chainstate.
                 // It both disconnects blocks based on ::ChainActive(), and drops block data in
                 // BlockIndex() based on lack of available witness data.
-                uiInterface.InitMessage(_("Rewinding blocks..."));
+                uiInterface.InitMessage(_("Rewinding blocks...").translated);
                 if (!RewindBlockIndex(chainparams)) {
-                    strLoadError = _("Unable to rewind the database to a pre-fork state. You will need to redownload the blockchain");
+                    strLoadError = _("Unable to rewind the database to a pre-fork state. You will need to redownload the blockchain").translated;
                     break;
                 }
             }
@@ -1571,7 +1573,7 @@ bool AppInitMain(InitInterfaces& interfaces)
             try {
                 LOCK(cs_main);
                 if (!is_coinsview_empty) {
-                    uiInterface.InitMessage(_("Verifying blocks..."));
+                    uiInterface.InitMessage(_("Verifying blocks...").translated);
                     if (fHavePruned && gArgs.GetArg("-checkblocks", DEFAULT_CHECKBLOCKS) > MIN_BLOCKS_TO_KEEP) {
                         LogPrintf("Prune: pruned datadir may not have more than %d blocks; only checking available blocks\n",
                             MIN_BLOCKS_TO_KEEP);
@@ -1582,19 +1584,19 @@ bool AppInitMain(InitInterfaces& interfaces)
                     if (tip && tip->nTime > GetAdjustedTime() + 2 * 60 * 60) {
                         strLoadError = _("The block database contains a block which appears to be from the future. "
                                 "This may be due to your computer's date and time being set incorrectly. "
-                                "Only rebuild the block database if you are sure that your computer's date and time are correct");
+                                "Only rebuild the block database if you are sure that your computer's date and time are correct").translated;
                         break;
                     }
 
                     if (!CVerifyDB().VerifyDB(chainparams, pcoinsdbview.get(), gArgs.GetArg("-checklevel", DEFAULT_CHECKLEVEL),
                                   gArgs.GetArg("-checkblocks", DEFAULT_CHECKBLOCKS))) {
-                        strLoadError = _("Corrupted block database detected");
+                        strLoadError = _("Corrupted block database detected").translated;
                         break;
                     }
                 }
             } catch (const std::exception& e) {
                 LogPrintf("%s\n", e.what());
-                strLoadError = _("Error opening block database");
+                strLoadError = _("Error opening block database").translated;
                 break;
             }
 
@@ -1606,7 +1608,7 @@ bool AppInitMain(InitInterfaces& interfaces)
             // first suggest a reindex
             if (!fReset) {
                 bool fRet = uiInterface.ThreadSafeQuestion(
-                    strLoadError + ".\n\n" + _("Do you want to rebuild the block database now?"),
+                    strLoadError + ".\n\n" + _("Do you want to rebuild the block database now?").translated,
                     strLoadError + ".\nPlease restart with -reindex or -reindex-chainstate to recover.",
                     "", CClientUIInterface::MSG_ERROR | CClientUIInterface::BTN_ABORT);
                 if (fRet) {
@@ -1663,7 +1665,7 @@ bool AppInitMain(InitInterfaces& interfaces)
         LogPrintf("Unsetting NODE_NETWORK on prune mode\n");
         nLocalServices = ServiceFlags(nLocalServices & ~NODE_NETWORK);
         if (!fReindex) {
-            uiInterface.InitMessage(_("Pruning blockstore..."));
+            uiInterface.InitMessage(_("Pruning blockstore...").translated);
             ::ChainstateActive().PruneAndFlush();
         }
     }
@@ -1680,11 +1682,11 @@ bool AppInitMain(InitInterfaces& interfaces)
     // ********************************************************* Step 11: import blocks
 
     if (!CheckDiskSpace(GetDataDir())) {
-        InitError(strprintf(_("Error: Disk space is low for %s"), GetDataDir()));
+        InitError(strprintf(_("Error: Disk space is low for %s").translated, GetDataDir()));
         return false;
     }
     if (!CheckDiskSpace(GetBlocksDir())) {
-        InitError(strprintf(_("Error: Disk space is low for %s"), GetBlocksDir()));
+        InitError(strprintf(_("Error: Disk space is low for %s").translated, GetBlocksDir()));
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -1778,7 +1780,7 @@ bool AppInitMain(InitInterfaces& interfaces)
             return InitError(ResolveErrMsg("whitebind", strBind));
         }
         if (addrBind.GetPort() == 0) {
-            return InitError(strprintf(_("Need to specify a port with -whitebind: '%s'"), strBind));
+            return InitError(strprintf(_("Need to specify a port with -whitebind: '%s'").translated, strBind));
         }
         connOptions.vWhiteBinds.push_back(addrBind);
     }
@@ -1787,7 +1789,7 @@ bool AppInitMain(InitInterfaces& interfaces)
         CSubNet subnet;
         LookupSubNet(net.c_str(), subnet);
         if (!subnet.IsValid())
-            return InitError(strprintf(_("Invalid netmask specified in -whitelist: '%s'"), net));
+            return InitError(strprintf(_("Invalid netmask specified in -whitelist: '%s'").translated, net));
         connOptions.vWhitelistedRange.push_back(subnet);
     }
 
@@ -1808,7 +1810,7 @@ bool AppInitMain(InitInterfaces& interfaces)
     // ********************************************************* Step 13: finished
 
     SetRPCWarmupFinished();
-    uiInterface.InitMessage(_("Done loading"));
+    uiInterface.InitMessage(_("Done loading").translated);
 
     for (const auto& client : interfaces.chain_clients) {
         client->start(scheduler);
diff --git a/src/net.cpp b/src/net.cpp
index 7d11111b255..8e263b79536 100644
--- a/src/net.cpp
+++ b/src/net.cpp
@@ -15,11 +15,12 @@
 #include <consensus/consensus.h>
 #include <crypto/common.h>
 #include <crypto/sha256.h>
-#include <primitives/transaction.h>
 #include <netbase.h>
+#include <primitives/transaction.h>
 #include <scheduler.h>
 #include <ui_interface.h>
 #include <util/strencodings.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 
 #ifdef WIN32
 #include <string.h>
@@ -2039,9 +2040,9 @@ bool CConnman::BindListenPort(const CService &addrBind, std::string& strError, b
     {
         int nErr = WSAGetLastError();
         if (nErr == WSAEADDRINUSE)
-            strError = strprintf(_("Unable to bind to %s on this computer. %s is probably already running."), addrBind.ToString(), PACKAGE_NAME);
+            strError = strprintf(_("Unable to bind to %s on this computer. %s is probably already running.").translated, addrBind.ToString(), PACKAGE_NAME);
         else
-            strError = strprintf(_("Unable to bind to %s on this computer (bind returned error %s)"), addrBind.ToString(), NetworkErrorString(nErr));
+            strError = strprintf(_("Unable to bind to %s on this computer (bind returned error %s)").translated, addrBind.ToString(), NetworkErrorString(nErr));
         LogPrintf("%s\n", strError);
         CloseSocket(hListenSocket);
         return false;
@@ -2051,7 +2052,7 @@ bool CConnman::BindListenPort(const CService &addrBind, std::string& strError, b
     // Listen for incoming connections
     if (listen(hListenSocket, SOMAXCONN) == SOCKET_ERROR)
     {
-        strError = strprintf(_("Error: Listening for incoming connections failed (listen returned error %s)"), NetworkErrorString(WSAGetLastError()));
+        strError = strprintf(_("Error: Listening for incoming connections failed (listen returned error %s)").translated, NetworkErrorString(WSAGetLastError()));
         LogPrintf("%s\n", strError);
         CloseSocket(hListenSocket);
         return false;
@@ -2192,7 +2193,7 @@ bool CConnman::Start(CScheduler& scheduler, const Options& connOptions)
     if (fListen && !InitBinds(connOptions.vBinds, connOptions.vWhiteBinds)) {
         if (clientInterface) {
             clientInterface->ThreadSafeMessageBox(
-                _("Failed to listen on any port. Use -listen=0 if you want this."),
+                _("Failed to listen on any port. Use -listen=0 if you want this.").translated,
                 "", CClientUIInterface::MSG_ERROR);
         }
         return false;
@@ -2203,7 +2204,7 @@ bool CConnman::Start(CScheduler& scheduler, const Options& connOptions)
     }
 
     if (clientInterface) {
-        clientInterface->InitMessage(_("Loading P2P addresses..."));
+        clientInterface->InitMessage(_("Loading P2P addresses...").translated);
     }
     // Load addresses from peers.dat
     int64_t nStart = GetTimeMillis();
@@ -2218,7 +2219,7 @@ bool CConnman::Start(CScheduler& scheduler, const Options& connOptions)
         }
     }
 
-    uiInterface.InitMessage(_("Starting network threads..."));
+    uiInterface.InitMessage(_("Starting network threads...").translated);
 
     fAddressesInitialized = true;
 
@@ -2258,7 +2259,7 @@ bool CConnman::Start(CScheduler& scheduler, const Options& connOptions)
     if (connOptions.m_use_addrman_outgoing && !connOptions.m_specified_outgoing.empty()) {
         if (clientInterface) {
             clientInterface->ThreadSafeMessageBox(
-                _("Cannot provide specific connections and have addrman find outgoing connections at the same."),
+                _("Cannot provide specific connections and have addrman find outgoing connections at the same.").translated,
                 "", CClientUIInterface::MSG_ERROR);
         }
         return false;
diff --git a/src/qt/main.cpp b/src/qt/main.cpp
index 6a3c2249d1b..999c434d239 100644
--- a/src/qt/main.cpp
+++ b/src/qt/main.cpp
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 
 #include <qt/bitcoin.h>
 
+#include <util/translation.h>
+
 #include <QCoreApplication>
 
 #include <functional>
diff --git a/src/qt/splashscreen.cpp b/src/qt/splashscreen.cpp
index 98eeee1a475..5bceb1f9453 100644
--- a/src/qt/splashscreen.cpp
+++ b/src/qt/splashscreen.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include <interfaces/wallet.h>
 #include <ui_interface.h>
 #include <util/system.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 #include <version.h>
 
 #include <QApplication>
@@ -167,8 +168,8 @@ static void InitMessage(SplashScreen *splash, const std::string &message)
 static void ShowProgress(SplashScreen *splash, const std::string &title, int nProgress, bool resume_possible)
 {
     InitMessage(splash, title + std::string("\n") +
-            (resume_possible ? _("(press q to shutdown and continue later)")
-                                : _("press q to shutdown")) +
+            (resume_possible ? _("(press q to shutdown and continue later)").translated
+                                : _("press q to shutdown").translated) +
             strprintf("\n%d", nProgress) + "%");
 }
 #ifdef ENABLE_WALLET
diff --git a/src/test/setup_common.cpp b/src/test/setup_common.cpp
index 24c7d518987..de877fd1679 100644
--- a/src/test/setup_common.cpp
+++ b/src/test/setup_common.cpp
@@ -23,10 +23,13 @@
 #include <util/memory.h>
 #include <util/strencodings.h>
 #include <util/time.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 #include <util/validation.h>
 #include <validation.h>
 #include <validationinterface.h>
 
+#include <functional>
+
 const std::function<std::string(const char*)> G_TRANSLATION_FUN = nullptr;
 
 FastRandomContext g_insecure_rand_ctx;
diff --git a/src/timedata.cpp b/src/timedata.cpp
index f4613eeec85..9458b9ae0cd 100644
--- a/src/timedata.cpp
+++ b/src/timedata.cpp
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include <sync.h>
 #include <ui_interface.h>
 #include <util/system.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 #include <warnings.h>
 
 
@@ -100,7 +101,7 @@ void AddTimeData(const CNetAddr& ip, int64_t nOffsetSample)
                 if (!fMatch)
                 {
                     fDone = true;
-                    std::string strMessage = strprintf(_("Please check that your computer's date and time are correct! If your clock is wrong, %s will not work properly."), PACKAGE_NAME);
+                    std::string strMessage = strprintf(_("Please check that your computer's date and time are correct! If your clock is wrong, %s will not work properly.").translated, PACKAGE_NAME);
                     SetMiscWarning(strMessage);
                     uiInterface.ThreadSafeMessageBox(strMessage, "", CClientUIInterface::MSG_WARNING);
                 }
diff --git a/src/txdb.cpp b/src/txdb.cpp
index 90b92969b9e..df9851396e0 100644
--- a/src/txdb.cpp
+++ b/src/txdb.cpp
@@ -5,12 +5,13 @@
 
 #include <txdb.h>
 
-#include <random.h>
 #include <pow.h>
+#include <random.h>
 #include <shutdown.h>
+#include <ui_interface.h>
 #include <uint256.h>
 #include <util/system.h>
-#include <ui_interface.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
@@ -357,7 +358,7 @@ bool CCoinsViewDB::Upgrade() {
     int64_t count = 0;
     LogPrintf("Upgrading utxo-set database...\n");
     LogPrintf("[0%%]..."); /* Continued */
-    uiInterface.ShowProgress(_("Upgrading UTXO database"), 0, true);
+    uiInterface.ShowProgress(_("Upgrading UTXO database").translated, 0, true);
     size_t batch_size = 1 << 24;
     CDBBatch batch(db);
     int reportDone = 0;
@@ -372,7 +373,7 @@ bool CCoinsViewDB::Upgrade() {
             if (count++ % 256 == 0) {
                 uint32_t high = 0x100 * *key.second.begin() + *(key.second.begin() + 1);
                 int percentageDone = (int)(high * 100.0 / 65536.0 + 0.5);
-                uiInterface.ShowProgress(_("Upgrading UTXO database"), percentageDone, true);
+                uiInterface.ShowProgress(_("Upgrading UTXO database").translated, percentageDone, true);
                 if (reportDone < percentageDone/10) {
                     // report max. every 10% step
                     LogPrintf("[%d%%]...", percentageDone); /* Continued */
diff --git a/src/util/error.cpp b/src/util/error.cpp
index 9331a92ad7c..9edb7dc5339 100644
--- a/src/util/error.cpp
+++ b/src/util/error.cpp
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@
 
 #include <util/error.h>
 
+#include <tinyformat.h>
 #include <util/system.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 
 std::string TransactionErrorString(const TransactionError err)
 {
@@ -36,10 +38,10 @@ std::string TransactionErrorString(const TransactionError err)
 
 std::string AmountHighWarn(const std::string& optname)
 {
-    return strprintf(_("%s is set very high!"), optname);
+    return strprintf(_("%s is set very high!").translated, optname);
 }
 
 std::string AmountErrMsg(const char* const optname, const std::string& strValue)
 {
-    return strprintf(_("Invalid amount for -%s=<amount>: '%s'"), optname, strValue);
+    return strprintf(_("Invalid amount for -%s=<amount>: '%s'").translated, optname, strValue);
 }
diff --git a/src/util/system.cpp b/src/util/system.cpp
index 72b37b91871..c27b0cc105b 100644
--- a/src/util/system.cpp
+++ b/src/util/system.cpp
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 #include <chainparamsbase.h>
 #include <util/strencodings.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 
 #include <stdarg.h>
 
@@ -1184,7 +1185,7 @@ int GetNumCores()
 
 std::string CopyrightHolders(const std::string& strPrefix)
 {
-    const auto copyright_devs = strprintf(_(COPYRIGHT_HOLDERS), COPYRIGHT_HOLDERS_SUBSTITUTION);
+    const auto copyright_devs = strprintf(_(COPYRIGHT_HOLDERS).translated, COPYRIGHT_HOLDERS_SUBSTITUTION);
     std::string strCopyrightHolders = strPrefix + copyright_devs;
 
     // Make sure Bitcoin Core copyright is not removed by accident
diff --git a/src/util/system.h b/src/util/system.h
index dda91564887..66a9eb4612e 100644
--- a/src/util/system.h
+++ b/src/util/system.h
@@ -40,18 +40,6 @@ int64_t GetStartupTime();
 
 extern const char * const BITCOIN_CONF_FILENAME;
 
-/** Translate a message to the native language of the user. */
-const extern std::function<std::string(const char*)> G_TRANSLATION_FUN;
-
-/**
- * Translation function.
- * If no translation function is set, simply return the input.
- */
-inline std::string _(const char* psz)
-{
-    return G_TRANSLATION_FUN ? (G_TRANSLATION_FUN)(psz) : psz;
-}
-
 void SetupEnvironment();
 bool SetupNetworking();
 
diff --git a/src/util/translation.h b/src/util/translation.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f100dab20d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/translation.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2019 The Bitcoin Core developers
+// Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
+// file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
+
+#ifndef BITCOIN_UTIL_TRANSLATION_H
+#define BITCOIN_UTIL_TRANSLATION_H
+
+#include <tinyformat.h>
+
+#include <utility>
+
+/**
+ * Bilingual messages:
+ *   - in GUI: user's native language + untranslated (i.e. English)
+ *   - in log and stderr: untranslated only
+ */
+struct bilingual_str {
+    std::string original;
+    std::string translated;
+};
+
+namespace tinyformat {
+template <typename... Args>
+bilingual_str format(const bilingual_str& fmt, const Args&... args)
+{
+    return bilingual_str{format(fmt.original, args...), format(fmt.translated, args...)};
+}
+} // namespace tinyformat
+
+/** Translate a message to the native language of the user. */
+const extern std::function<std::string(const char*)> G_TRANSLATION_FUN;
+
+/**
+ * Translation function.
+ * If no translation function is set, simply return the input.
+ */
+inline bilingual_str _(const char* psz)
+{
+    return bilingual_str{psz, G_TRANSLATION_FUN ? (G_TRANSLATION_FUN)(psz) : psz};
+}
+
+#endif // BITCOIN_UTIL_TRANSLATION_H
diff --git a/src/validation.cpp b/src/validation.cpp
index f585bc7d2d2..3246d315137 100644
--- a/src/validation.cpp
+++ b/src/validation.cpp
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
 #include <util/rbf.h>
 #include <util/strencodings.h>
 #include <util/system.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 #include <util/validation.h>
 #include <validationinterface.h>
 #include <warnings.h>
@@ -1408,7 +1409,7 @@ static bool AbortNode(const std::string& strMessage, const std::string& userMess
     if (!userMessage.empty()) {
         uiInterface.ThreadSafeMessageBox(userMessage, "", CClientUIInterface::MSG_ERROR | prefix);
     } else {
-        uiInterface.ThreadSafeMessageBox(_("Error: A fatal internal error occurred, see debug.log for details"), "", CClientUIInterface::MSG_ERROR | CClientUIInterface::MSG_NOPREFIX);
+        uiInterface.ThreadSafeMessageBox(_("Error: A fatal internal error occurred, see debug.log for details").translated, "", CClientUIInterface::MSG_ERROR | CClientUIInterface::MSG_NOPREFIX);
     }
     StartShutdown();
     return false;
@@ -2027,7 +2028,7 @@ bool CChainState::FlushStateToDisk(
         if (fDoFullFlush || fPeriodicWrite) {
             // Depend on nMinDiskSpace to ensure we can write block index
             if (!CheckDiskSpace(GetBlocksDir())) {
-                return AbortNode(state, "Disk space is too low!", _("Error: Disk space is too low!"), CClientUIInterface::MSG_NOPREFIX);
+                return AbortNode(state, "Disk space is too low!", _("Error: Disk space is too low!").translated, CClientUIInterface::MSG_NOPREFIX);
             }
             // First make sure all block and undo data is flushed to disk.
             FlushBlockFile();
@@ -2062,7 +2063,7 @@ bool CChainState::FlushStateToDisk(
             // an overestimation, as most will delete an existing entry or
             // overwrite one. Still, use a conservative safety factor of 2.
             if (!CheckDiskSpace(GetDataDir(), 48 * 2 * 2 * pcoinsTip->GetCacheSize())) {
-                return AbortNode(state, "Disk space is too low!", _("Error: Disk space is too low!"), CClientUIInterface::MSG_NOPREFIX);
+                return AbortNode(state, "Disk space is too low!", _("Error: Disk space is too low!").translated, CClientUIInterface::MSG_NOPREFIX);
             }
             // Flush the chainstate (which may refer to block index entries).
             if (!pcoinsTip->Flush())
@@ -2136,7 +2137,7 @@ void static UpdateTip(const CBlockIndex *pindexNew, const CChainParams& chainPar
             WarningBitsConditionChecker checker(bit);
             ThresholdState state = checker.GetStateFor(pindex, chainParams.GetConsensus(), warningcache[bit]);
             if (state == ThresholdState::ACTIVE || state == ThresholdState::LOCKED_IN) {
-                const std::string strWarning = strprintf(_("Warning: unknown new rules activated (versionbit %i)"), bit);
+                const std::string strWarning = strprintf(_("Warning: unknown new rules activated (versionbit %i)").translated, bit);
                 if (state == ThresholdState::ACTIVE) {
                     DoWarning(strWarning);
                 } else {
@@ -2153,7 +2154,7 @@ void static UpdateTip(const CBlockIndex *pindexNew, const CChainParams& chainPar
             pindex = pindex->pprev;
         }
         if (nUpgraded > 0)
-            AppendWarning(warningMessages, strprintf(_("%d of last 100 blocks have unexpected version"), nUpgraded));
+            AppendWarning(warningMessages, strprintf(_("%d of last 100 blocks have unexpected version").translated, nUpgraded));
     }
     LogPrintf("%s: new best=%s height=%d version=0x%08x log2_work=%.8g tx=%lu date='%s' progress=%f cache=%.1fMiB(%utxo)", __func__, /* Continued */
       pindexNew->GetBlockHash().ToString(), pindexNew->nHeight, pindexNew->nVersion,
@@ -2930,7 +2931,7 @@ static bool FindBlockPos(FlatFilePos &pos, unsigned int nAddSize, unsigned int n
         bool out_of_space;
         size_t bytes_allocated = BlockFileSeq().Allocate(pos, nAddSize, out_of_space);
         if (out_of_space) {
-            return AbortNode("Disk space is too low!", _("Error: Disk space is too low!"), CClientUIInterface::MSG_NOPREFIX);
+            return AbortNode("Disk space is too low!", _("Error: Disk space is too low!").translated, CClientUIInterface::MSG_NOPREFIX);
         }
         if (bytes_allocated != 0 && fPruneMode) {
             fCheckForPruning = true;
@@ -2954,7 +2955,7 @@ static bool FindUndoPos(CValidationState &state, int nFile, FlatFilePos &pos, un
     bool out_of_space;
     size_t bytes_allocated = UndoFileSeq().Allocate(pos, nAddSize, out_of_space);
     if (out_of_space) {
-        return AbortNode(state, "Disk space is too low!", _("Error: Disk space is too low!"), CClientUIInterface::MSG_NOPREFIX);
+        return AbortNode(state, "Disk space is too low!", _("Error: Disk space is too low!").translated, CClientUIInterface::MSG_NOPREFIX);
     }
     if (bytes_allocated != 0 && fPruneMode) {
         fCheckForPruning = true;
@@ -3875,7 +3876,7 @@ bool LoadChainTip(const CChainParams& chainparams)
 
 CVerifyDB::CVerifyDB()
 {
-    uiInterface.ShowProgress(_("Verifying blocks..."), 0, false);
+    uiInterface.ShowProgress(_("Verifying blocks...").translated, 0, false);
 }
 
 CVerifyDB::~CVerifyDB()
@@ -3909,7 +3910,7 @@ bool CVerifyDB::VerifyDB(const CChainParams& chainparams, CCoinsView *coinsview,
             LogPrintf("[%d%%]...", percentageDone); /* Continued */
             reportDone = percentageDone/10;
         }
-        uiInterface.ShowProgress(_("Verifying blocks..."), percentageDone, false);
+        uiInterface.ShowProgress(_("Verifying blocks...").translated, percentageDone, false);
         if (pindex->nHeight <= ::ChainActive().Height()-nCheckDepth)
             break;
         if (fPruneMode && !(pindex->nStatus & BLOCK_HAVE_DATA)) {
@@ -3967,7 +3968,7 @@ bool CVerifyDB::VerifyDB(const CChainParams& chainparams, CCoinsView *coinsview,
                 LogPrintf("[%d%%]...", percentageDone); /* Continued */
                 reportDone = percentageDone/10;
             }
-            uiInterface.ShowProgress(_("Verifying blocks..."), percentageDone, false);
+            uiInterface.ShowProgress(_("Verifying blocks...").translated, percentageDone, false);
             pindex = ::ChainActive().Next(pindex);
             CBlock block;
             if (!ReadBlockFromDisk(block, pindex, chainparams.GetConsensus()))
@@ -4014,7 +4015,7 @@ bool CChainState::ReplayBlocks(const CChainParams& params, CCoinsView* view)
     if (hashHeads.empty()) return true; // We're already in a consistent state.
     if (hashHeads.size() != 2) return error("ReplayBlocks(): unknown inconsistent state");
 
-    uiInterface.ShowProgress(_("Replaying blocks..."), 0, false);
+    uiInterface.ShowProgress(_("Replaying blocks...").translated, 0, false);
     LogPrintf("Replaying blocks\n");
 
     const CBlockIndex* pindexOld = nullptr;  // Old tip during the interrupted flush.
@@ -4060,7 +4061,7 @@ bool CChainState::ReplayBlocks(const CChainParams& params, CCoinsView* view)
     for (int nHeight = nForkHeight + 1; nHeight <= pindexNew->nHeight; ++nHeight) {
         const CBlockIndex* pindex = pindexNew->GetAncestor(nHeight);
         LogPrintf("Rolling forward %s (%i)\n", pindex->GetBlockHash().ToString(), nHeight);
-        uiInterface.ShowProgress(_("Replaying blocks..."), (int) ((nHeight - nForkHeight) * 100.0 / (pindexNew->nHeight - nForkHeight)) , false);
+        uiInterface.ShowProgress(_("Replaying blocks...").translated, (int) ((nHeight - nForkHeight) * 100.0 / (pindexNew->nHeight - nForkHeight)) , false);
         if (!RollforwardBlock(pindex, cache, params)) return false;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/wallet/db.cpp b/src/wallet/db.cpp
index b5f90deabdd..852b1943862 100644
--- a/src/wallet/db.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/db.cpp
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <wallet/db.h>
 
 #include <util/strencodings.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
@@ -404,7 +405,7 @@ bool BerkeleyBatch::VerifyEnvironment(const fs::path& file_path, std::string& er
     LogPrintf("Using wallet %s\n", file_path.string());
 
     if (!env->Open(true /* retry */)) {
-        errorStr = strprintf(_("Error initializing wallet database environment %s!"), walletDir);
+        errorStr = strprintf(_("Error initializing wallet database environment %s!").translated, walletDir);
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -426,12 +427,12 @@ bool BerkeleyBatch::VerifyDatabaseFile(const fs::path& file_path, std::string& w
             warningStr = strprintf(_("Warning: Wallet file corrupt, data salvaged!"
                                      " Original %s saved as %s in %s; if"
                                      " your balance or transactions are incorrect you should"
-                                     " restore from a backup."),
+                                     " restore from a backup.").translated,
                                    walletFile, backup_filename, walletDir);
         }
         if (r == BerkeleyEnvironment::VerifyResult::RECOVER_FAIL)
         {
-            errorStr = strprintf(_("%s corrupt, salvage failed"), walletFile);
+            errorStr = strprintf(_("%s corrupt, salvage failed").translated, walletFile);
             return false;
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/wallet/init.cpp b/src/wallet/init.cpp
index 4c327c77aec..cb94799d9e5 100644
--- a/src/wallet/init.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/init.cpp
@@ -7,11 +7,12 @@
 #include <interfaces/chain.h>
 #include <net.h>
 #include <outputtype.h>
-#include <util/system.h>
 #include <util/moneystr.h>
-#include <walletinitinterface.h>
+#include <util/system.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 #include <wallet/wallet.h>
 #include <wallet/walletutil.h>
+#include <walletinitinterface.h>
 
 class WalletInit : public WalletInitInterface {
 public:
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ bool WalletInit::ParameterInteraction() const
     if (gArgs.GetBoolArg("-sysperms", false))
         return InitError("-sysperms is not allowed in combination with enabled wallet functionality");
     if (gArgs.GetArg("-prune", 0) && gArgs.GetBoolArg("-rescan", false))
-        return InitError(_("Rescans are not possible in pruned mode. You will need to use -reindex which will download the whole blockchain again."));
+        return InitError(_("Rescans are not possible in pruned mode. You will need to use -reindex which will download the whole blockchain again.").translated);
 
     return true;
 }
diff --git a/src/wallet/load.cpp b/src/wallet/load.cpp
index 54aa12dba8f..b5d3b8c3055 100644
--- a/src/wallet/load.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/load.cpp
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <interfaces/chain.h>
 #include <scheduler.h>
 #include <util/system.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 #include <wallet/wallet.h>
 
 bool VerifyWallets(interfaces::Chain& chain, const std::vector<std::string>& wallet_files)
@@ -18,14 +19,14 @@ bool VerifyWallets(interfaces::Chain& chain, const std::vector<std::string>& wal
         // The canonical path cleans the path, preventing >1 Berkeley environment instances for the same directory
         fs::path canonical_wallet_dir = fs::canonical(wallet_dir, error);
         if (error || !fs::exists(wallet_dir)) {
-            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Specified -walletdir \"%s\" does not exist"), wallet_dir.string()));
+            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Specified -walletdir \"%s\" does not exist").translated, wallet_dir.string()));
             return false;
         } else if (!fs::is_directory(wallet_dir)) {
-            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Specified -walletdir \"%s\" is not a directory"), wallet_dir.string()));
+            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Specified -walletdir \"%s\" is not a directory").translated, wallet_dir.string()));
             return false;
         // The canonical path transforms relative paths into absolute ones, so we check the non-canonical version
         } else if (!wallet_dir.is_absolute()) {
-            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Specified -walletdir \"%s\" is a relative path"), wallet_dir.string()));
+            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Specified -walletdir \"%s\" is a relative path").translated, wallet_dir.string()));
             return false;
         }
         gArgs.ForceSetArg("-walletdir", canonical_wallet_dir.string());
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ bool VerifyWallets(interfaces::Chain& chain, const std::vector<std::string>& wal
 
     LogPrintf("Using wallet directory %s\n", GetWalletDir().string());
 
-    chain.initMessage(_("Verifying wallet(s)..."));
+    chain.initMessage(_("Verifying wallet(s)...").translated);
 
     // Parameter interaction code should have thrown an error if -salvagewallet
     // was enabled with more than wallet file, so the wallet_files size check
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ bool VerifyWallets(interfaces::Chain& chain, const std::vector<std::string>& wal
         WalletLocation location(wallet_file);
 
         if (!wallet_paths.insert(location.GetPath()).second) {
-            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Error loading wallet %s. Duplicate -wallet filename specified."), wallet_file));
+            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Error loading wallet %s. Duplicate -wallet filename specified.").translated, wallet_file));
             return false;
         }
 
diff --git a/src/wallet/rpcdump.cpp b/src/wallet/rpcdump.cpp
index 7e973194d94..04e9bb40c5c 100644
--- a/src/wallet/rpcdump.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/rpcdump.cpp
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@
 #include <util/bip32.h>
 #include <util/system.h>
 #include <util/time.h>
-#include <wallet/wallet.h>
-
+#include <util/translation.h>
 #include <wallet/rpcwallet.h>
+#include <wallet/wallet.h>
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <tuple>
@@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ UniValue importwallet(const JSONRPCRequest& request)
 
         // Use uiInterface.ShowProgress instead of pwallet.ShowProgress because pwallet.ShowProgress has a cancel button tied to AbortRescan which
         // we don't want for this progress bar showing the import progress. uiInterface.ShowProgress does not have a cancel button.
-        pwallet->chain().showProgress(strprintf("%s " + _("Importing..."), pwallet->GetDisplayName()), 0, false); // show progress dialog in GUI
+        pwallet->chain().showProgress(strprintf("%s " + _("Importing...").translated, pwallet->GetDisplayName()), 0, false); // show progress dialog in GUI
         std::vector<std::tuple<CKey, int64_t, bool, std::string>> keys;
         std::vector<std::pair<CScript, int64_t>> scripts;
         while (file.good()) {
diff --git a/src/wallet/wallet.cpp b/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
index 452d4f7a6a7..4d2faa8d6c8 100644
--- a/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <util/fees.h>
 #include <util/moneystr.h>
 #include <util/rbf.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 #include <util/validation.h>
 #include <validation.h>
 #include <wallet/coincontrol.h>
@@ -2013,7 +2014,7 @@ CWallet::ScanResult CWallet::ScanForWalletTransactions(const uint256& start_bloc
     WalletLogPrintf("Rescan started from block %s...\n", start_block.ToString());
 
     fAbortRescan = false;
-    ShowProgress(strprintf("%s " + _("Rescanning..."), GetDisplayName()), 0); // show rescan progress in GUI as dialog or on splashscreen, if -rescan on startup
+    ShowProgress(strprintf("%s " + _("Rescanning...").translated, GetDisplayName()), 0); // show rescan progress in GUI as dialog or on splashscreen, if -rescan on startup
     uint256 tip_hash;
     // The way the 'block_height' is initialized is just a workaround for the gcc bug #47679 since version 4.6.0.
     Optional<int> block_height = MakeOptional(false, int());
@@ -2032,7 +2033,7 @@ CWallet::ScanResult CWallet::ScanForWalletTransactions(const uint256& start_bloc
     while (block_height && !fAbortRescan && !chain().shutdownRequested()) {
         m_scanning_progress = (progress_current - progress_begin) / (progress_end - progress_begin);
         if (*block_height % 100 == 0 && progress_end - progress_begin > 0.0) {
-            ShowProgress(strprintf("%s " + _("Rescanning..."), GetDisplayName()), std::max(1, std::min(99, (int)(m_scanning_progress * 100))));
+            ShowProgress(strprintf("%s " + _("Rescanning...").translated, GetDisplayName()), std::max(1, std::min(99, (int)(m_scanning_progress * 100))));
         }
         if (GetTime() >= nNow + 60) {
             nNow = GetTime();
@@ -2088,7 +2089,7 @@ CWallet::ScanResult CWallet::ScanForWalletTransactions(const uint256& start_bloc
             }
         }
     }
-    ShowProgress(strprintf("%s " + _("Rescanning..."), GetDisplayName()), 100); // hide progress dialog in GUI
+    ShowProgress(strprintf("%s " + _("Rescanning...").translated, GetDisplayName()), 100); // hide progress dialog in GUI
     if (block_height && fAbortRescan) {
         WalletLogPrintf("Rescan aborted at block %d. Progress=%f\n", *block_height, progress_current);
         result.status = ScanResult::USER_ABORT;
@@ -2907,7 +2908,7 @@ bool CWallet::CreateTransaction(interfaces::Chain::Lock& locked_chain, const std
     {
         if (nValue < 0 || recipient.nAmount < 0)
         {
-            strFailReason = _("Transaction amounts must not be negative");
+            strFailReason = _("Transaction amounts must not be negative").translated;
             return false;
         }
         nValue += recipient.nAmount;
@@ -2917,7 +2918,7 @@ bool CWallet::CreateTransaction(interfaces::Chain::Lock& locked_chain, const std
     }
     if (vecSend.empty())
     {
-        strFailReason = _("Transaction must have at least one recipient");
+        strFailReason = _("Transaction must have at least one recipient").translated;
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -2955,7 +2956,7 @@ bool CWallet::CreateTransaction(interfaces::Chain::Lock& locked_chain, const std
 
                 // Reserve a new key pair from key pool
                 if (!CanGetAddresses(true)) {
-                    strFailReason = _("Can't generate a change-address key. No keys in the internal keypool and can't generate any keys.");
+                    strFailReason = _("Can't generate a change-address key. No keys in the internal keypool and can't generate any keys.").translated;
                     return false;
                 }
                 CTxDestination dest;
@@ -3021,12 +3022,12 @@ bool CWallet::CreateTransaction(interfaces::Chain::Lock& locked_chain, const std
                         if (recipient.fSubtractFeeFromAmount && nFeeRet > 0)
                         {
                             if (txout.nValue < 0)
-                                strFailReason = _("The transaction amount is too small to pay the fee");
+                                strFailReason = _("The transaction amount is too small to pay the fee").translated;
                             else
-                                strFailReason = _("The transaction amount is too small to send after the fee has been deducted");
+                                strFailReason = _("The transaction amount is too small to send after the fee has been deducted").translated;
                         }
                         else
-                            strFailReason = _("Transaction amount too small");
+                            strFailReason = _("Transaction amount too small").translated;
                         return false;
                     }
                     txNew.vout.push_back(txout);
@@ -3054,7 +3055,7 @@ bool CWallet::CreateTransaction(interfaces::Chain::Lock& locked_chain, const std
                             continue;
                         }
                         else {
-                            strFailReason = _("Insufficient funds");
+                            strFailReason = _("Insufficient funds").translated;
                             return false;
                         }
                     }
@@ -3085,7 +3086,7 @@ bool CWallet::CreateTransaction(interfaces::Chain::Lock& locked_chain, const std
                         }
                         else if ((unsigned int)nChangePosInOut > txNew.vout.size())
                         {
-                            strFailReason = _("Change index out of range");
+                            strFailReason = _("Change index out of range").translated;
                             return false;
                         }
 
@@ -3104,14 +3105,14 @@ bool CWallet::CreateTransaction(interfaces::Chain::Lock& locked_chain, const std
 
                 nBytes = CalculateMaximumSignedTxSize(CTransaction(txNew), this, coin_control.fAllowWatchOnly);
                 if (nBytes < 0) {
-                    strFailReason = _("Signing transaction failed");
+                    strFailReason = _("Signing transaction failed").translated;
                     return false;
                 }
 
                 nFeeNeeded = GetMinimumFee(*this, nBytes, coin_control, &feeCalc);
                 if (feeCalc.reason == FeeReason::FALLBACK && !m_allow_fallback_fee) {
                     // eventually allow a fallback fee
-                    strFailReason = _("Fee estimation failed. Fallbackfee is disabled. Wait a few blocks or enable -fallbackfee.");
+                    strFailReason = _("Fee estimation failed. Fallbackfee is disabled. Wait a few blocks or enable -fallbackfee.").translated;
                     return false;
                 }
 
@@ -3151,7 +3152,7 @@ bool CWallet::CreateTransaction(interfaces::Chain::Lock& locked_chain, const std
                     // fee to pay for the new output and still meet nFeeNeeded
                     // Or we should have just subtracted fee from recipients and
                     // nFeeNeeded should not have changed
-                    strFailReason = _("Transaction fee and change calculation failed");
+                    strFailReason = _("Transaction fee and change calculation failed").translated;
                     return false;
                 }
 
@@ -3208,7 +3209,7 @@ bool CWallet::CreateTransaction(interfaces::Chain::Lock& locked_chain, const std
 
                 if (!ProduceSignature(*this, MutableTransactionSignatureCreator(&txNew, nIn, coin.txout.nValue, SIGHASH_ALL), scriptPubKey, sigdata))
                 {
-                    strFailReason = _("Signing transaction failed");
+                    strFailReason = _("Signing transaction failed").translated;
                     return false;
                 } else {
                     UpdateInput(txNew.vin.at(nIn), sigdata);
@@ -3224,7 +3225,7 @@ bool CWallet::CreateTransaction(interfaces::Chain::Lock& locked_chain, const std
         // Limit size
         if (GetTransactionWeight(*tx) > MAX_STANDARD_TX_WEIGHT)
         {
-            strFailReason = _("Transaction too large");
+            strFailReason = _("Transaction too large").translated;
             return false;
         }
     }
@@ -3237,7 +3238,7 @@ bool CWallet::CreateTransaction(interfaces::Chain::Lock& locked_chain, const std
     if (gArgs.GetBoolArg("-walletrejectlongchains", DEFAULT_WALLET_REJECT_LONG_CHAINS)) {
         // Lastly, ensure this tx will pass the mempool's chain limits
         if (!chain().checkChainLimits(tx)) {
-            strFailReason = _("Transaction has too long of a mempool chain");
+            strFailReason = _("Transaction has too long of a mempool chain").translated;
             return false;
         }
     }
@@ -4225,17 +4226,17 @@ std::shared_ptr<CWallet> CWallet::CreateWalletFromFile(interfaces::Chain& chain,
     std::vector<CWalletTx> vWtx;
 
     if (gArgs.GetBoolArg("-zapwallettxes", false)) {
-        chain.initMessage(_("Zapping all transactions from wallet..."));
+        chain.initMessage(_("Zapping all transactions from wallet...").translated);
 
         std::unique_ptr<CWallet> tempWallet = MakeUnique<CWallet>(&chain, location, WalletDatabase::Create(location.GetPath()));
         DBErrors nZapWalletRet = tempWallet->ZapWalletTx(vWtx);
         if (nZapWalletRet != DBErrors::LOAD_OK) {
-            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Error loading %s: Wallet corrupted"), walletFile));
+            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Error loading %s: Wallet corrupted").translated, walletFile));
             return nullptr;
         }
     }
 
-    chain.initMessage(_("Loading wallet..."));
+    chain.initMessage(_("Loading wallet...").translated);
 
     int64_t nStart = GetTimeMillis();
     bool fFirstRun = true;
@@ -4246,26 +4247,26 @@ std::shared_ptr<CWallet> CWallet::CreateWalletFromFile(interfaces::Chain& chain,
     if (nLoadWalletRet != DBErrors::LOAD_OK)
     {
         if (nLoadWalletRet == DBErrors::CORRUPT) {
-            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Error loading %s: Wallet corrupted"), walletFile));
+            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Error loading %s: Wallet corrupted").translated, walletFile));
             return nullptr;
         }
         else if (nLoadWalletRet == DBErrors::NONCRITICAL_ERROR)
         {
             chain.initWarning(strprintf(_("Error reading %s! All keys read correctly, but transaction data"
-                                          " or address book entries might be missing or incorrect."),
+                                          " or address book entries might be missing or incorrect.").translated,
                 walletFile));
         }
         else if (nLoadWalletRet == DBErrors::TOO_NEW) {
-            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Error loading %s: Wallet requires newer version of %s"), walletFile, PACKAGE_NAME));
+            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Error loading %s: Wallet requires newer version of %s").translated, walletFile, PACKAGE_NAME));
             return nullptr;
         }
         else if (nLoadWalletRet == DBErrors::NEED_REWRITE)
         {
-            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Wallet needed to be rewritten: restart %s to complete"), PACKAGE_NAME));
+            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Wallet needed to be rewritten: restart %s to complete").translated, PACKAGE_NAME));
             return nullptr;
         }
         else {
-            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Error loading %s"), walletFile));
+            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Error loading %s").translated, walletFile));
             return nullptr;
         }
     }
@@ -4284,7 +4285,7 @@ std::shared_ptr<CWallet> CWallet::CreateWalletFromFile(interfaces::Chain& chain,
             walletInstance->WalletLogPrintf("Allowing wallet upgrade up to %i\n", nMaxVersion);
         if (nMaxVersion < walletInstance->GetVersion())
         {
-            chain.initError(_("Cannot downgrade wallet"));
+            chain.initError(_("Cannot downgrade wallet").translated);
             return nullptr;
         }
         walletInstance->SetMaxVersion(nMaxVersion);
@@ -4297,7 +4298,7 @@ std::shared_ptr<CWallet> CWallet::CreateWalletFromFile(interfaces::Chain& chain,
         // Do not upgrade versions to any version between HD_SPLIT and FEATURE_PRE_SPLIT_KEYPOOL unless already supporting HD_SPLIT
         int max_version = walletInstance->GetVersion();
         if (!walletInstance->CanSupportFeature(FEATURE_HD_SPLIT) && max_version >= FEATURE_HD_SPLIT && max_version < FEATURE_PRE_SPLIT_KEYPOOL) {
-            chain.initError(_("Cannot upgrade a non HD split wallet without upgrading to support pre split keypool. Please use -upgradewallet=169900 or -upgradewallet with no version specified."));
+            chain.initError(_("Cannot upgrade a non HD split wallet without upgrading to support pre split keypool. Please use -upgradewallet=169900 or -upgradewallet with no version specified.").translated);
             return nullptr;
         }
 
@@ -4325,7 +4326,7 @@ std::shared_ptr<CWallet> CWallet::CreateWalletFromFile(interfaces::Chain& chain,
         // Regenerate the keypool if upgraded to HD
         if (hd_upgrade) {
             if (!walletInstance->TopUpKeyPool()) {
-                chain.initError(_("Unable to generate keys"));
+                chain.initError(_("Unable to generate keys").translated);
                 return nullptr;
             }
         }
@@ -4345,7 +4346,7 @@ std::shared_ptr<CWallet> CWallet::CreateWalletFromFile(interfaces::Chain& chain,
 
         // Top up the keypool
         if (walletInstance->CanGenerateKeys() && !walletInstance->TopUpKeyPool()) {
-            chain.initError(_("Unable to generate initial keys"));
+            chain.initError(_("Unable to generate initial keys").translated);
             return nullptr;
         }
 
@@ -4353,12 +4354,12 @@ std::shared_ptr<CWallet> CWallet::CreateWalletFromFile(interfaces::Chain& chain,
         walletInstance->ChainStateFlushed(locked_chain->getTipLocator());
     } else if (wallet_creation_flags & WALLET_FLAG_DISABLE_PRIVATE_KEYS) {
         // Make it impossible to disable private keys after creation
-        chain.initError(strprintf(_("Error loading %s: Private keys can only be disabled during creation"), walletFile));
+        chain.initError(strprintf(_("Error loading %s: Private keys can only be disabled during creation").translated, walletFile));
         return NULL;
     } else if (walletInstance->IsWalletFlagSet(WALLET_FLAG_DISABLE_PRIVATE_KEYS)) {
         LOCK(walletInstance->cs_KeyStore);
         if (!walletInstance->mapKeys.empty() || !walletInstance->mapCryptedKeys.empty()) {
-            chain.initWarning(strprintf(_("Warning: Private keys detected in wallet {%s} with disabled private keys"), walletFile));
+            chain.initWarning(strprintf(_("Warning: Private keys detected in wallet {%s} with disabled private keys").translated, walletFile));
         }
     }
 
@@ -4380,7 +4381,7 @@ std::shared_ptr<CWallet> CWallet::CreateWalletFromFile(interfaces::Chain& chain,
         }
         if (n > HIGH_TX_FEE_PER_KB) {
             chain.initWarning(AmountHighWarn("-mintxfee") + " " +
-                              _("This is the minimum transaction fee you pay on every transaction."));
+                              _("This is the minimum transaction fee you pay on every transaction.").translated);
         }
         walletInstance->m_min_fee = CFeeRate(n);
     }
@@ -4389,12 +4390,12 @@ std::shared_ptr<CWallet> CWallet::CreateWalletFromFile(interfaces::Chain& chain,
     if (gArgs.IsArgSet("-fallbackfee")) {
         CAmount nFeePerK = 0;
         if (!ParseMoney(gArgs.GetArg("-fallbackfee", ""), nFeePerK)) {
-            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Invalid amount for -fallbackfee=<amount>: '%s'"), gArgs.GetArg("-fallbackfee", "")));
+            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Invalid amount for -fallbackfee=<amount>: '%s'").translated, gArgs.GetArg("-fallbackfee", "")));
             return nullptr;
         }
         if (nFeePerK > HIGH_TX_FEE_PER_KB) {
             chain.initWarning(AmountHighWarn("-fallbackfee") + " " +
-                              _("This is the transaction fee you may pay when fee estimates are not available."));
+                              _("This is the transaction fee you may pay when fee estimates are not available.").translated);
         }
         walletInstance->m_fallback_fee = CFeeRate(nFeePerK);
         walletInstance->m_allow_fallback_fee = nFeePerK != 0; //disable fallback fee in case value was set to 0, enable if non-null value
@@ -4402,12 +4403,12 @@ std::shared_ptr<CWallet> CWallet::CreateWalletFromFile(interfaces::Chain& chain,
     if (gArgs.IsArgSet("-discardfee")) {
         CAmount nFeePerK = 0;
         if (!ParseMoney(gArgs.GetArg("-discardfee", ""), nFeePerK)) {
-            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Invalid amount for -discardfee=<amount>: '%s'"), gArgs.GetArg("-discardfee", "")));
+            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Invalid amount for -discardfee=<amount>: '%s'").translated, gArgs.GetArg("-discardfee", "")));
             return nullptr;
         }
         if (nFeePerK > HIGH_TX_FEE_PER_KB) {
             chain.initWarning(AmountHighWarn("-discardfee") + " " +
-                              _("This is the transaction fee you may discard if change is smaller than dust at this level"));
+                              _("This is the transaction fee you may discard if change is smaller than dust at this level").translated);
         }
         walletInstance->m_discard_rate = CFeeRate(nFeePerK);
     }
@@ -4419,11 +4420,11 @@ std::shared_ptr<CWallet> CWallet::CreateWalletFromFile(interfaces::Chain& chain,
         }
         if (nFeePerK > HIGH_TX_FEE_PER_KB) {
             chain.initWarning(AmountHighWarn("-paytxfee") + " " +
-                              _("This is the transaction fee you will pay if you send a transaction."));
+                              _("This is the transaction fee you will pay if you send a transaction.").translated);
         }
         walletInstance->m_pay_tx_fee = CFeeRate(nFeePerK, 1000);
         if (walletInstance->m_pay_tx_fee < chain.relayMinFee()) {
-            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Invalid amount for -paytxfee=<amount>: '%s' (must be at least %s)"),
+            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Invalid amount for -paytxfee=<amount>: '%s' (must be at least %s)").translated,
                 gArgs.GetArg("-paytxfee", ""), chain.relayMinFee().ToString()));
             return nullptr;
         }
@@ -4437,10 +4438,10 @@ std::shared_ptr<CWallet> CWallet::CreateWalletFromFile(interfaces::Chain& chain,
             return nullptr;
         }
         if (nMaxFee > HIGH_MAX_TX_FEE) {
-            chain.initWarning(_("-maxtxfee is set very high! Fees this large could be paid on a single transaction."));
+            chain.initWarning(_("-maxtxfee is set very high! Fees this large could be paid on a single transaction.").translated);
         }
         if (CFeeRate(nMaxFee, 1000) < chain.relayMinFee()) {
-            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Invalid amount for -maxtxfee=<amount>: '%s' (must be at least the minrelay fee of %s to prevent stuck transactions)"),
+            chain.initError(strprintf(_("Invalid amount for -maxtxfee=<amount>: '%s' (must be at least the minrelay fee of %s to prevent stuck transactions)").translated,
                                        gArgs.GetArg("-maxtxfee", ""), chain.relayMinFee().ToString()));
             return nullptr;
         }
@@ -4449,7 +4450,7 @@ std::shared_ptr<CWallet> CWallet::CreateWalletFromFile(interfaces::Chain& chain,
 
     if (chain.relayMinFee().GetFeePerK() > HIGH_TX_FEE_PER_KB)
         chain.initWarning(AmountHighWarn("-minrelaytxfee") + " " +
-                    _("The wallet will avoid paying less than the minimum relay fee."));
+                    _("The wallet will avoid paying less than the minimum relay fee.").translated);
 
     walletInstance->m_confirm_target = gArgs.GetArg("-txconfirmtarget", DEFAULT_TX_CONFIRM_TARGET);
     walletInstance->m_spend_zero_conf_change = gArgs.GetBoolArg("-spendzeroconfchange", DEFAULT_SPEND_ZEROCONF_CHANGE);
@@ -4497,12 +4498,12 @@ std::shared_ptr<CWallet> CWallet::CreateWalletFromFile(interfaces::Chain& chain,
             }
 
             if (rescan_height != block_height) {
-                chain.initError(_("Prune: last wallet synchronisation goes beyond pruned data. You need to -reindex (download the whole blockchain again in case of pruned node)"));
+                chain.initError(_("Prune: last wallet synchronisation goes beyond pruned data. You need to -reindex (download the whole blockchain again in case of pruned node)").translated);
                 return nullptr;
             }
         }
 
-        chain.initMessage(_("Rescanning..."));
+        chain.initMessage(_("Rescanning...").translated);
         walletInstance->WalletLogPrintf("Rescanning last %i blocks (from block %i)...\n", *tip_height - rescan_height, rescan_height);
 
         // No need to read and scan block if block was created before
@@ -4516,7 +4517,7 @@ std::shared_ptr<CWallet> CWallet::CreateWalletFromFile(interfaces::Chain& chain,
         {
             WalletRescanReserver reserver(walletInstance.get());
             if (!reserver.reserve() || (ScanResult::SUCCESS != walletInstance->ScanForWalletTransactions(locked_chain->getBlockHash(rescan_height), {} /* stop block */, reserver, true /* update */).status)) {
-                chain.initError(_("Failed to rescan the wallet during initialization"));
+                chain.initError(_("Failed to rescan the wallet during initialization").translated);
                 return nullptr;
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/warnings.cpp b/src/warnings.cpp
index 5542412a7f0..35d2033ba8c 100644
--- a/src/warnings.cpp
+++ b/src/warnings.cpp
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@
 // Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
 // file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
 
+#include <warnings.h>
+
 #include <sync.h>
 #include <util/system.h>
-#include <warnings.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
 
 static RecursiveMutex cs_warnings;
 static std::string strMiscWarning GUARDED_BY(cs_warnings);
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ std::string GetWarnings(const std::string& strFor)
 
     if (!CLIENT_VERSION_IS_RELEASE) {
         strStatusBar = "This is a pre-release test build - use at your own risk - do not use for mining or merchant applications";
-        strGUI = _("This is a pre-release test build - use at your own risk - do not use for mining or merchant applications");
+        strGUI = _("This is a pre-release test build - use at your own risk - do not use for mining or merchant applications").translated;
     }
 
     // Misc warnings like out of disk space and clock is wrong
@@ -59,12 +61,12 @@ std::string GetWarnings(const std::string& strFor)
     if (fLargeWorkForkFound)
     {
         strStatusBar = "Warning: The network does not appear to fully agree! Some miners appear to be experiencing issues.";
-        strGUI += (strGUI.empty() ? "" : uiAlertSeperator) + _("Warning: The network does not appear to fully agree! Some miners appear to be experiencing issues.");
+        strGUI += (strGUI.empty() ? "" : uiAlertSeperator) + _("Warning: The network does not appear to fully agree! Some miners appear to be experiencing issues.").translated;
     }
     else if (fLargeWorkInvalidChainFound)
     {
         strStatusBar = "Warning: We do not appear to fully agree with our peers! You may need to upgrade, or other nodes may need to upgrade.";
-        strGUI += (strGUI.empty() ? "" : uiAlertSeperator) + _("Warning: We do not appear to fully agree with our peers! You may need to upgrade, or other nodes may need to upgrade.");
+        strGUI += (strGUI.empty() ? "" : uiAlertSeperator) + _("Warning: We do not appear to fully agree with our peers! You may need to upgrade, or other nodes may need to upgrade.").translated;
     }
 
     if (strFor == "gui")
diff --git a/test/lint/lint-format-strings.py b/test/lint/lint-format-strings.py
index 99b0eaa38e8..47ad8965892 100755
--- a/test/lint/lint-format-strings.py
+++ b/test/lint/lint-format-strings.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ FALSE_POSITIVES = [
     ("src/dbwrapper.cpp", "vsnprintf(p, limit - p, format, backup_ap)"),
     ("src/index/base.cpp", "FatalError(const char* fmt, const Args&... args)"),
     ("src/netbase.cpp", "LogConnectFailure(bool manual_connection, const char* fmt, const Args&... args)"),
-    ("src/util/system.cpp", "strprintf(_(COPYRIGHT_HOLDERS), COPYRIGHT_HOLDERS_SUBSTITUTION)"),
+    ("src/util/system.cpp", "strprintf(_(COPYRIGHT_HOLDERS).translated, COPYRIGHT_HOLDERS_SUBSTITUTION)"),
     ("src/wallet/wallet.h",  "WalletLogPrintf(std::string fmt, Params... parameters)"),
     ("src/wallet/wallet.h", "LogPrintf((\"%s \" + fmt).c_str(), GetDisplayName(), parameters...)"),
     ("src/logging.h", "LogPrintf(const char* fmt, const Args&... args)"),